Ineffective Additives

These additives are not recommended. Many of these may give negative test results, but are not recommended for other reasons. 

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Dose Strategy. The most insidious potentiai methodoiogical error in plasma level/clinical response studies is the possible confound due to increasing the dose too soon when a patient fails to respond. This error frequently results in missing the therapeutic threshold level because patients are not kept on the lower dose for a sufficient time to document ineffectiveness. Additionally, because patients may be responding at a slower rate than the rate of dose increases, responders at a higher dose may have actually improved at a lower dose had it been maintained for a longer period of time. 

The long chain ammonium salt and amine surfactants showed better selectivity and calculated MON s. The improvement in MON ranged from about 0.4 at an OSV of 0.08 V/Hr/V to more than 2 at 0.7 V/Hr/V. The space velocity was normally 0.077 and was cycled during the course of a run between this value and higher rates which were held until the product quality was steady. A comparison of selectivity to Cg s in the C fraction is shown in Figure 16. Octylamine was intermediate in its ability to improve selectivity while two of the surfactants which were anionic (FC-95 and FX-161), showed no improvement under well mixed conditions. In addition the tetramethylammonlum ion which is not surface active was also an ineffective additive. 

A variety of treatment methods was checked. The most effective was the rapid addition of Kemsol (anhydrous sodium sulfate) to the pool. It was observed that the initial vapor cloud traveled 6 to 7 km downwind and dispersed very slowly. The conditions of the tests were very humid (relative humidity 84%). It took 13 minutes of application of Kemsol to suppress the fumes (the rate of application was not specified). Treatment of the cloud with water spray seemed to be ineffective. Addition of water to the pool produced very large quantities of fume, and this method appeared to be suitable only for handling small spills. After the trial, the concrete tray was eroded by 2 mm and the asphalt tray by 25 mm. It seemed that the upper surface of the trays was rapidly attacked, but at depth erosion proceeded very slowly. 

Chemistry, like any scientific discipline, relies heavily on experimental observations, and therefore on data. Until a few years ago, the usual way to publish information on recent scientific developments was to release it in books or journals. In chemistry, the enormous increase in the number of compounds and the data concerning them resulted in increasingly ineffective data-handling, on the side of the producers as well as the users. One way out of this disaster is the electronic processing, by computer methods, of this huge amount of data available in chemistry. Compared with other scientific disciplines that only use text and numbers for data transfer, chemistry has an additional, special challenge molecules. The molecular species consist of atoms and bonds that hold them together. Moreover, compounds... 

Oil additives have been used for a number of years. They are normally introduced as suspensions of metallic oxides or other salts such as Mg (OFI)2, Ca (OH)2, AI2O3, etc., in fuel oil or water. Use of these compounds has been shown to be uneconomic, ineffective and to cause problems, i.e., tube fouling, increased soot blower usage, solids disposal, etc., rather than cure them. 

Enantioselectivities were found to change sharply depending upon the reaction conditions including catalyst structure, reaction temperature, solvent, and additives. Some representative examples of such selectivity dependence are listed in Scheme 7.42. The thiol adduct was formed with 79% ee (81% yield) when the reaction was catalyzed by the J ,J -DBFOX/Ph aqua nickel(II) complex at room temperature in dichloromethane. Reactions using either the anhydrous complex or the aqua complex with MS 4 A gave a racemic adduct, however, indicating that the aqua complex should be more favored than the anhydrous complex in thiol conjugate additions. Slow addition of thiophenol to the dichloromethane solution of 3-crotonoyl-2-oxazolidinone was ineffective for enantioselectivity. Enantioselectivity was dramatically lowered and reversed to -17% ee in the reaction at -78 °C. A similar tendency was observed in the reactions in diethyl ether and THF. For example, a satisfactory enantioselectivity (80% ee) was observed in the reaction in THF at room temperature, while the selectivity almost disappeared (7% ee) at 0°C. 

Platinum, especially as platinum oxide, has been used by many investigators. If this catalyst contains residual alkali, it is apt to be ineffective for aromatic ring reduction unless an acidic solvent is used (1,3,19) or unless the compound also contains a carbonyl group, as in acetophenone, where 1,4-and 1,6-addition are possible (46). Nickel, unless especially active, requires vigorous conditions—conditions that may promote side reactions. 

Manual Controls. The first methods used in energy control involved human intei vention. The operator was the sensor (i.e., using his eyes, ears, and hands or using additional devices to quantify the values of the controlled variables), and he was also the actuator controller. The control of the processes was slow and vei y ineffective. For example, in an old steam engine control the human operator sees the instantaneous pressure and then manually regulates the power of the device (e.g., by adding fuel to a boiler). But in today s industrial reality, this control is not only ineffective but in most cases is not possible. 

As a further example of the ineffectiveness of low-alloy additions in slowing down rusting under sheltered conditions, tests by BISRA in indoor atmospheres failed to reveal any substantial difference in the rusting of a chromium-copper steel and of an ordinary mild steel in most of them . The test sites covered a wide range of domestic and industrial conditions, from bathrooms to locomotive sheds. 

Temperature of the system When inhibitors are used in the 0-100°C range it is usually found that higher concentrations become necessary at the higher temperatures Other inhibitors can lose their effectiveness altogether as the temperature is raised. A prime example of this is the polyphosphate type of inhibitor. This is effective in circulating systems at temperatures below about 40°C, but at higher temperatures reversion to orthophosphate can occur and this species is ineffective at the concentrations at which it will then be present. If calcium ions are present, additional loss of inhibitor will occur due to calcium phosphate precipitation. 

With regard to metals or oxides, the violence of reaction depends on concn of the performic acid as well as the scale and proportion of the reactants. The following observations were made (Ref 1) with additions of 2—3 drops of about 90% performic acid. Ni powder becomes violent Hg, colloidal Ag and Th powder readily cause explns. Zn powder causes a violent exp In immediately. Fe powder (and Si) are ineffective alone, but a trace of Mn dioxide promotes deflagration. Ba peroxide, Cu oxide, impure Or trioxide, Ir dioxide, Pb dioxide, Mn dioxide, and V pentoxide all cause violent decompn, sometimes accelerating to expin. Pb oxide, trilead tetraoxlde and Na peroxide all cause an immediate violent expin... 

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