Industry structure evolution

This chapter reviews the general aspects of the CSD method for ferroelectric thin-film preparation, with attention given to precursors, solution chemistry, and process development. An additional focus of the chapter is on the structural evolution of the solution precursor into the crystalline (typically perovskite) state and the impact of precursor chemistry and film fabrication conditions on the transformation process. Lastly, the chapter reviews the advantages and disadvantages of the CSD method and discusses industrial implementation of the technique. 

Arora and Gambardella, "Evolution of industry structure in the chemical industry," in Arora, Landau, and Rosenberg, eds.. Chemicals and longterm economic growth Insights from the chemical industry (New York, 1998), 379-414. 

Technological advances have had a profound impact on the evolution of the industry. This section discusses two classes of technological innovations which have been crucial for understanding the evolution of industry structure in chemicals polymer chemistry and chemical engineering. ... 

Genuine dynamical in situ investigations of deformation have been carried out since the 1990s [36] using an instrument [37] at the SRS in Daresbury. Exploiting the shortest available cycle time of 40 ms with strongly scattering materials, it is possible to record 2D patterns that are sufficient for qualitative interpretation. In this environment, structure evolution can be studied at strain rates of ewlO" s", which are common in industrial processes. A selection of the studies performed with this instrument [2-5] demonstrates both its power and its limitations. 

In non-industrial urban areas, sulphur dioxide emissions are much higher during winter than in summer. Over a long period, the sulphur dioxide concentration has decreased (Figure C.2.8) because of the anti-pollution policies, the evolution of the industrial structure resulting in the disappearance of heavy industries, and energy saving. 

Arora A. and Gambardella A., 1998, Evolution of Industry Structure in the Chemical Industry , in Arora A., Landau R. and Rosenberg N. (eds.), Chemicals and Long Term Economic Growth, John Wiley and Sons, New York. 

Sofranko, J. A. (1988). Gas to Gasoline The Arco GTG Process. Bicentennial Catalyst Meeting, Sydney, Australia. Tussing, A. R., and Tippee, B. (1995). The Natural Gas Industry Evolution, Structure, and Economics, 2nd ed. Tulsa, OK PennWell Publishing. 

The evolution of HALS technology to meet the requirements of emerging polyolefin markets and applications is a story of continuous improvement and structure/property optimisation [19-21], Current trends in the industry are toward low-volatility, extraction-resistant, hindered phenolic AOs, such as oligomeric polysiloxane based, high-MW antioxidants... 

The cholesterol-lowering drug atorvastatin, marketed as Lipitor, is an example where biocatalysis research has been applied extensively and is in industrial use. The enzyme 2-deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase (DERA) has been a target of directed evolution for the production of atorvastatin intermediates [8,9,71]. DeSantis and coworkers [8,9] used structure-based... 

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