Industrial Evolution

To accommodate this rapid rate of reinvention of modem machinery and insfruments, reverse engineering provides a high-tech tool to speed up the reinvention process for future industrial evolution. 

In 1935, the first tungsten heavy metal alloys were produced as a material group of growing importance that would continue for the next four decades. 

By 1940, tungsten and its alloys and compounds already had widespread application as demonstrated by Wah Chang s Tungsten Tr (Fig. 2.7). 

In the early years of industrial tungsten evolution, around 1930, the largest consumer of the metal was die steel industry, and only small percentages were used for lamp 

FIGURE 2.8. Tungsten world production 1910-1996. By courtesy of ITIA and A. P. Newey, in Prvc. 3rd Int. Tungsten Symp. Madrid, pp. 19-33 (1985). 

The ability to adjust the properties of a tool to the special problem of the material to be worked marks an important advantage over high speed steel, and explains the replacement of the latter in many fields. 

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Sofranko, J. A. (1988). Gas to Gasoline The Arco GTG Process. Bicentennial Catalyst Meeting, Sydney, Australia. Tussing, A. R., and Tippee, B. (1995). The Natural Gas Industry Evolution, Structure, and Economics, 2nd ed. Tulsa, OK PennWell Publishing. 

Available tobacco industry documents contain numerous references to free-base nicotine and many of these documents clearly refiect the tobacco industries evolution of knowledge in this area. For example, industry documents discuss the importance of pH and its infiuence on the distribution of nicotine between its conjugate acid-base forms. Examples from numerous documents are summarized below to illustrate how the tobacco indusfiy s knowledge of free-base nicotine evolved and how snch information was pnt to practical use. 

There is substantial consolidation and de-merger potential in the industry. Private equity investors are ready to cope with the challenges of this industrial evolution. 

Evolucion industrial en America motivaciones, caracteristicas y condiciones, 1947. Industrial evolution in America motives, characteristics, conditions. In IASI. 

Meng XH (2002) Industry evolution and economic regulation of industry. China University of Mining and Technology press, Xuzhou... 

Chapman, K. 1991. The International Petrochemical Industry Evolution and Location. Oxford, U.K. Blackwell. 

Hall, Bronwyn, Mairesse Jaques, Branstetter, Leo, and Bruno Crepon (1999) Does Cash Flow Cause Investment and R D An Exploration Using Panel Data for French, Japanese and United States Scientific Firms, in David Audretsch and A.R. Thurik (eds.) Innovation, Industry Evolution and Employment, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 

From the mid-1990s. Figure 1.1 shows industrial investment in new pharmaceutical plants restarting across many countries. Much of this investment was by local investors. In some countries after independence, local entrepreneurs with working experience gained in multinational companies set up their own production facilities, a phenomenon not dissimilar to the Indian pharmaceutical industry evolution. 

The rest of this chapter briefly compares the industrial evolution of the pharmaceutical industry in three contrasting countries Zimbabwe, Kenya and Tanzania. We show that their pharmaceutical sectors did not arise in isolation in each case, the pharmaceutical industry co-evolved in important aspects with the broader industrial development. National patterns of industrial growth and periods of deindustrialization, along with shifts in industrial ownership and financing, are reflected in pharmaceutical firms evolution. Broad industrial, macroeconomic and political economy influences are shared across industries in national industrial histories. 

Audretsch, David B., 1995, Innovation and Industry Evolution, Cambridge The MIT Press. 

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