Industrial applications of radiation

Basic and applied researches on charged particle and photon-induced reactions of polymers are surveyed. The basic parts are fundamentals of radiation effects on polymers and pulse radiolysis studies on polymers. The intermediate parts are a great diversity of radiation effects on polymers and reaction mechanisms of electron beam (EB) and x-ray resists. The applied parts are economic scale of utilization of radiation and industrial application of radiation to polymers. 

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION OF RADIATION TO POLYMERS 4.1. Electron Beam and X-Ray Resists... 

The main reason for the limited industrial application of radiation-induced cationic polymerization is that oligomers that offer high cure rates are not commercially available. So far, due to their excellent combination of chemical, physical and electrical properties, only multifunctional epoxy oligomers have been used, but these have poor cure speeds compared to acrylate based systems. This is a serious limitation. Interesting alternatives to the epoxys are oligomers based on highly reactive vinyl ethers (21. 22) and the recently developed distsrrene ethers (23). which are as reactive as vinyl... 

The use of high-energy radiation in polymer chemistry is one of the major industrial applications of radiation. Main advantages of ionizing radiation initiation include (Charlesby 1960, 1987 Chapiro 1962) the following ... 

Generally, the oxidation process is one of the important problems in the industrial application of radiation processing of polymers and many investigations have been made However, only a few ESR applications in this field were reported and... 

Applications of radiation grafting in the coating industry for improving adhesion and other properties has been an active field. For instance, grafting of styrene onto polyester fibers was found to improve the interfa-cial adhesion between grafted chopped polyester fibers and polystyrene used as a matrix [139]. 

Several environment-friendly surface preparation for the treatment of mbber soles with radiations have been recently studied. These treatments are clean (no chemicals or reactions by-products are produced) and fast, and furthermore online bonding at shoe factory can be produced, so the future trend in surface modification of substrates in shoe industry will be likely directed to the industrial application of those treatments. Corona discharge, low-pressure RF gas plasma, and ultraviolet (UV) treatments have been successfully used at laboratory scale to improve the adhesion of several sole materials in shoe industry. Recently, surface modification of SBR and TR by UV radiation has been industrially demonstrated in shoe industry... 

Chemical synthesis is one important aspect of the application of radiation-chemical reactions in industry. Various kinds of radiation-induced syntheses are available, some of which will be described here. There are also nonsynthetic applications including, but not limited to, food irradiation, waste treatment, and sterilization by irradiation. Some of these will be taken up in the next section. 

SC-40 Biological Aspects of Radiation Protection Criteria SC-41 Radiation Resulting from Nuclear Power Generation SC-42 Industrial Applications of X Rays and Sealed Sources SC-44 Radiation Associated with Medical Examinations SC-45 Radiation Received by Radiation Employees SC-46 Operational Radiation Safety... 

Development of new applications of radiation modifications of the properties of polymers in high technology industries such as electronics and the exposure of polymer materials to radiation environments as diverse as medical sterilization and the Van Allen belts of space have resulted in a renewed interest in fundamental radiation chemistry of polymers. 

Industrial applications of ionizing radiation encompass a wide range of absorbed doses (about six orders of magnitude), dose rates (about twelve orders of magnitude), and energies (over two orders of magnitude). ... 

Industrial applications involving radiation processing of monomeric, oligomeric and polymeric substances depend essentially on two electrically generated sources of radiation accelerated electrons and photons from high-intensity ultraviolet lamps. The difference between these two is that accelerated electrons can penetrate matter and are stopped only by mass, whereas high-intensity UV light affects only the... 

The fact that the pharmaceutical industry indulges in the separate sterilization of products and containers has previously been mentioned (Sec. IVGlc). Three general applications of radiation sterilization therefore exist radiation of (1) the product, (2) the containers, or (3) the product in the container. The first possibility has been discussed the others deserve elaboration. 

Research on the application of radiation processing of polymers, particularly in the food industry necessitates studies on the effects of radiation on various polymer films. This is because different types of radiation may cause different structural changes, rearrangement and fission or formation of chemical bonds in the polymeric film. As a result, the physical,... 

Technical and Industrial Applications of Radionuclides and Nuclear Radiation... 

Many beneficial applications of radiation and radioisotopes in industry are well established. Use of radioisotopes and radiation in modem industry is of great importance for process development and improvement, measurement and automation, and quality control. 

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