Nonsynthetic Applications

Investigations into nonsynthetic aspects of the Direct Reaction have usually focused on their possible uses to extract metals from solids. The substrate may be a pure metal, a metal alloy, or a compound between a metal and a semimetal. In these applications, the yield may or may not be important. It is not even necessary that the metal-carbon bond be sufficiently stable to isolate the alkylmetals formed even if the initially 

Corrosion studies have been rare. (8), copper, or iron were corroded by carbon tetrachloride when exposed to Co-60 radiation (78). Alkyl halides enhanced the corrosive effect of benzoic acid on iron (79). (1) was found to promote stress-corrosion cracking in zirconium alloys used in nuclear reactors (80). 

Addition of water to a metal-organic halide system alters the nature of the reaction medium considerably, and can cause various side reactions  

The solubility of most alkyl halides in water is very low, unless some solubilizing group happens to be present (e.g., -OH, -CO2H). Hence, most reaction systems have involved three separate phases (water, halide, metal substrate), with all the accompanying complications. 

Interest concerning the Direct Reaction in aqueous systems has arisen from association with two burgeoning areas of research environmental formation of alkyl (mostly methyl) derivatives of metals, and corrosion of metal surfaces exposed to water. These will be considered separately. 

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Chemical synthesis is one important aspect of the application of radiation-chemical reactions in industry. Various kinds of radiation-induced syntheses are available, some of which will be described here. There are also nonsynthetic applications including, but not limited to, food irradiation, waste treatment, and sterilization by irradiation. Some of these will be taken up in the next section. 

You may notice that the twelve principles are focused closely on the practical synthesis and use of chemical products, and thus they may need to be adapted somewhat depending on the situation (e.g., basic chemical research, large-scale industrial production, nonsynthetic applications of chemistry, etc.). 

Affinity resins bearing bioactive compound have been widely used for identification of the specific-binding proteins (1, 2). However it is still troublesome to identify those proteins using traditional technology. Requirement of high level of synthetic chemistry expertise sometime restricts its application, especially for nonsynthetic chemists. On the other hand, the competition method is not often effective due to the poor solubility of orally active compounds. Some methods to solve these problems will be shown here, exemplified by identifications of the known specific binding proteins without such restrictions. 

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