Industrial application history

The practical applications for cryogenic turboexpanders are best illustrated by industry case history reports that follow. 

Liening, E. L., Industrial Applications of Corrosion Probes (Case Histories) , Materials Performance, 16, 39-41, 9 September (1977)... 

See also Fine chemicals industry applications for, 77 423-424 classification of, 77 423 424 history of, 77 423 production of, 77 427—440 research and development related to, 77 425-426... 

This handbook is an encyclopedic treatment of chemical elements and their most important compounds intended for professionals and students in many areas of chemistry throughout the manufacturing, academic, and consulting communities. Chemicals are presented in alphabetical order in a descriptive format highlighting pertinent information on physical, chemical, and thermodynamic properties of chemicals, methods of preparation, industrial applications, chemical analyses, and toxic and hazardous properties. Synonyms, CAS Registry Numbers, brief history of discovery and natural occurrence are provided for many entries. The objective is to provide readers a single source for instant information about important aspects each substance. In this sense it should serve as a combination handbook and encyclopedia. 

Since a reaction product catalyses the reaction, the initial concentration of product also has a strong effect on the TMRad. In the case illustrated in (Figure 12.6), an initial conversion of 10% leads to a reduction of the TMRad by a factor of 2. This also has direct implications for process safety the thermal history of the substance, that is, its exposure to temperature for a certain time increases initial product concentration, leading to effects comparable to those illustrated in Figure 12.5. Hence it becomes obvious that substances showing an autocatalytic decomposition are very sensitive to external effects, such as contaminations and previous thermal treatments. This is important for industrial applications as well as during the experimental characterization of such decompositions the sample chosen must be representative of the industrial situation, or several samples must be analysed. 

History of manufacturing, industrial applications, and emission sources... 

Leonardi, A.J., B.A. Blakistone, and S.W. Kyryk. 1990. Application of microscopy in the paper industry Case histories of the Mead corporation. Food Struc. 9 203-213. 

While FDA has discussed the types of applications it considers appropriate for filing under section 505(b)(2), there is little guidance in the FDC Act or its legislative history. In 1999, however, the agency issued a document entitled Guidance for Industry Applications Covered by Section 505(b)(2) in an effort to provide some assistance on the type of information needed to support a 505(b)(2) NDA. 

One of the exciting developments associated with ion-selective electrodes has been the fabrication of microelectrodes capable of monitoring an intracellular ion concentration. The history of these developments from the mid-1950s has been reviewed.88 a symposium held in 1996 was devoted to the history of ion-selective electrodes. One paper discussed their development and commercialization,89 another described how the 1970s was the decade in which they really became established,90 a third outlined their industrial applications,91 and a fourth traced the evolution of blood chemistry analyses using them.92 The first attempts to construct biochemical sensors by immobilizing enzymes on electrodes date from the 1960s.93... 

They have a long history of industrial applications in brewing and baking, and many of them are generally regarded as safe (GRAS). 

Tailoring Opportunities. There are many methods or approaches available to tailor enzyme products. Early in the history of enzyme companies, methods such as source selection, microbial strain selection, growth conditions, media, purification, and recovery systems, were primarily used to make each enzyme preparation unique. Later, immobilization, encapsulation, and chemical modification of the enzyme molecule itself were added as methods of tailoring enzymes to better fit industrial applications. Today, all of these methods are still being used, and now we have added genetic engineering to our tailoring expertises. 

History.—Until the middle of the eighteenth century both scheelite and wolframite were considered to be ores of tin their real identity was first pointed out in 1781 by Scheele, who show ed that the mineral now bearing his name contained lime combined with a new acid, which he named tungstic acid. The metallic nature of the element was first demonstrated by Bergman. Further researches were undertaken by D Elhuyart, Juan, Jose, and others. The preparation of metallic tungsten, its industrial application (especially with regard to electrical glow lamps), and the study of its compounds have since been the subject of numerous researches. 

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