Induction induced

Installing power quality instruments and probes requires special care. It is preferred that voltage and current probe leads do not run in close proximity to high-current cables or bus, especially if they are subjected to large current inrush. This can inductively induce voltages in the leads of the probes and cause erroneous data to be displayed. Voltage and current lead runs parallel to high-current bus or cable... 

It should also be noted that equation (2.17) gives a more in-depth description of the physical sense of chemical induction phenomenon than equation (1.3). Thus, by introducing a qualitatively new notion of chemical induction (inducer participation is not obligatory for conjugation proceeding), equation (1.3) was modified so that it might be used to describe any type of conjugated process. On the other hand, equation (2.17) is quite universal and may describe other types of interrelated reactions (chemical interference). 

Wilson, P., Hemmati-Brivanlou, A. 1997. Vertebrate neural induction inducers, inhibitors and a new synthesis. Neuron. 18, 699-710. 

There exist several intermolecular forces between an aromatic molecule and an interacting molecule [15]. Computational methods for their evaluation will be briefly explained in this section. Dispersion, electrostatic and exchange-repulsion interactions are the major intermolecular forces when the interacting molecules are both neutral. The dispersion contribution has paramoimt importance for the attraction in the tt/tt, OH/tt, NH/tt and CH/tt interactions [8-10,16] therefore, accurate calculation of the dispersion energy is essential for the quantitative evaluation of these interactions. On the other hand, electrostatic and induction (induced polarization) interactions are the major source of the attraction in the cation/TT interaction [17]. The contribution of the dispersion interaction is relatively small in the cation/TT interactions. 

The product induced electronic magnetic induction at point R coming from changes in the motion of the electrons due to an external magnetic induction, while the product K R) rh is the additional electronic magnetic induction induced by the magnetic moment and thus by the nuclear spin T. ... 

In effect of such activity eddy currents in the studied area are induced, producing own magnetic fields which following Lenz s rule are directed adversely to the induction field this decreasing its intensity (Fig. 1). 

In contrast to a direct injection of dc or ac currents in the sample to be tested, the induction of eddy currents by an external excitation coil generates a locally limited current distribution. Since no electrical connection to the sample is required, eddy current NDE is easier to use from a practical point of view, however, the choice of the optimum measurement parameters, like e.g. the excitation frequency, is more critical. Furthermore, the calculation of the current flow in the sample from the measured field distribution tends to be more difficult than in case of a direct current injection. A homogenous field distribution produced by e.g. direct current injection or a sheet inducer [1] allows one to estimate more easily the defect geometry. However, for the detection of technically relevant cracks, these methods do not seem to be easily applicable and sensitive enough, especially in the case of deep lying and small cracks. 

First, the eddy current density is damped while penetrating into the conductor (penetration effect). Here the frequency dependence of the penetration depth implies that for deep lying cracks low frequencies must be used for obtaining a sufficient current density in the vicinity of the crack. Secondly, due to the induction law the induced current density at the surface jco is diminished when using lower frequencies. Therefore, in total, there is a certain excitation frequency which results in a maximum response field from the crack. 

Consider the interaction of a neutral, dipolar molecule A with a neutral, S-state atom B. There are no electrostatic interactions because all the miiltipole moments of the atom are zero. However, the electric field of A distorts the charge distribution of B and induces miiltipole moments in B. The leading induction tenn is the interaction between the pennanent dipole moment of A and the dipole moment induced in B. The latter can be expressed in tenns of the polarizability of B, see equation (Al.S.g). and the dipole-mduced-dipole interaction is given by... 

Note the r dependence of these tenns the charge-indiiced-dipole interaction varies as r, the dipole-indiiced-dipole as and the quadnipole-mduced-dipole as In general, the interaction between a pennanent 2 -pole moment and an induced I -pole moment varies as + L + l) gQ enough r, only the leading tenn is important, with higher tenns increasing in importance as r decreases. The induction forces are clearly nonadditive because a third molecule will induce another set of miiltipole moments in tlie first two, and these will then interact. Induction forces are almost never dominant since dispersion is usually more important. 

The inductively coupled plasma [19] is excited by an electric field which is generated by an RF current in an inductor. The changing magnetic field of this inductor induces an electric field in which tire plasma electrons are accelerated. The helicon discharge [20] is a special type of inductively coupled RF discharge. 

Non-enzymatic cyclizations of educts containing chiral centres can lead to products with additional "asymmetric centres. The underlying effect is called "asymmetric induction . Its systematic exploration in steroid syntheses started when G. Saucy discovered in 1971 that a chiral carbon atom in a cyclic educt induces a stereoselective Torgov condensation several carbon atoms away (M. Rosenberger, 1971, 1972). 

The greater positive character hence the increased acidity of the O—H proton of 2 2 2 tnfluoroethanol can be seen m the electrostatic potential maps displayed m Figure 1 8 Structural effects such as this that are transmitted through bonds are called indue tive effects A substituent induces a polarization m the bonds between it and some remote site A similar inductive effect is evident when comparing acetic acid and its trifluoro derivative Trifluoroacetic acid is more than 4 units stronger than acetic acid... 

Induced dipole/mduced dipole attraction (Section 2 17) Force of attraction resulting from a mutual and complemen tary polanzation of one molecule by another Also referred to as London forces or dispersion forces Inductive effect (Section 1 15) An electronic effect transmit ted by successive polanzation of the cr bonds within a mol ecule or an ion... 

Induced anisotropy Induction Induction furnaces Induction heating Induction melting... 

Cytokines, eg, interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and certain growth factors, could have antitumor activity directiy, or may modulate cellular mechanisms of antitumor activity (2). Cytokines may be used to influence the proliferation and differentiation of T-ceUs, B-ceUs, macrophage—monocyte, myeloid, or other hematopoietic cells. Alternatively, the induction of interferon release may represent an important approach for synthetic—medicinal chemistry, to search for effective antiinflammatory and antifibrotic agents. Inducers of interferon release may also be useful for lepromatous leprosy and chronic granulomatous disease. The potential cytokine and cytokine-related therapeutic approaches to treatment of disease are summarized in Table 4. A combination of cytokines is a feasible modaUty for treatment of immunologically related diseases however, there are dangers inherent in such an approach, as shown by the induction of lethal disserninated intravascular coagulation in mice adrninistered TNF-a and IFN-y. 

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