Indium, elemental reactions with

Metallic Antimonides. Numerous binary compounds of antimony with metallic elements are known. The most important of these are indium antimonide [1312-41 -0] InSb, gallium antimonide [12064-03-8] GaSb, and aluminum antimonide [25152-52-7] AlSb, which find extensive use as semiconductors. The alkali metal antimonides, such as lithium antimonide [12057-30-6] and sodium antimonide [12058-86-5] do not consist of simple ions. Rather, there is appreciable covalent bonding between the alkali metal and the Sb as well as between pairs of Na atoms. These compounds are useful for the preparation of organoantimony compounds, such as trimethylstibine [594-10-5] (CH2)2Sb, by reaction with an organohalogen compound. 

Gallium trichloride, GaCl3, may be prepared by the direct combination of the elements at slightly elevated temperatures.1 Unlike indium, which forms the dichloride by reaction with hydrogen chloride gas,2 gallium forms the trichloride. This method yields pure gallium trichloride and, in addition, eliminates the use of chlorine which is often objectionable. 

Salt elimination between a transition metal anion and a Group 13 halide is the most extensively exploited route into the formation of transition metal-Group 13 bonds in which the Group 13 element is in the -1-3 oxidation state. Most initial work focused on indium and thallium species and their reactions with mono-anionic carbonylmetaUates. Early examples indude [CpMo(CO)3]3Tl formed via the reaction of TljSO with 3 equiv. of Na[CpMo(CO)3] [202-204]. 

The first catalytic study of Reaction 1 was published in 1902 by Sabatier and Senderens (1) who reported that nickel was an excellent catalyst. Since that time, the active catalysts were identified as the transition elements with unfilled 3d, 4d, and 5d orbitals iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhenium, palladium, osmium, indium, and platinum, as well as some elements that can assume these configurations (e.g., silver). These are discussed later. For practical operation of this process,... 

Figure 4.18 shows the positive SIMS spectrum of a silica-supported zirconium oxide catalyst precursor, freshly prepared by a condensation reaction between zirconium ethoxide and the hydroxyl groups of the support. Note the simultaneous occurrence of single ions (H", SR, 7.r ) and molecular ions (SiO, SiOH, ZrO, Zr02 ). Also, the isotope pattern of zirconium is clearly visible. Isotopes are important in the identification of peaks, because all peak intensity ratios must agree with the natural abundances. In addition to the peaks expected from zirconia on silica mounted on an indium foil, the spectrum of Fig. 4.18 also contains peaks from Na, K, and Ca. This is typical for SIMS Sensitivities vary over several orders of magnitude and elements such as the alkalis are detected when present in trace amounts. 

One of the first published cluster compounds of the heavier group 13 elements was the closo-dodecaaluminate K2[Ali2iBui2] 54 (Figure 2.3-10) [79], which possesses an almost undistorted icosahedron of 12 aluminum atoms with short Al-Al distances (268-270 pm). Up until today, it remained the only homonuclear cluster compound of the elements aluminum to indium which, with respect to structure and cluster electron count, is completely analogous to any boronhydride (see Chapters 1.1.2, 1.1.3, 1.1.5.2, and 2.1.5.6) (in this case doso-[Bi2H12]2 ). Compound 54 was formed in small quantities by the reaction of di(isobutyl)aluminum chloride with potassium and was isolated as dark red crystals (Figure 2.3-10). 

Naphthalene-based bifunctional Lewis acids that involve boron and a heavier group 13 element have also been prepared starting from the boron/tin derivative 30 (Scheme 15). Thus, the transmetalation reaction of 30 with gallium trichloride or indium trichloride in tetrahydrofuran (THF) results in high yields of l-(dichlorogallium)-8-(dimesitylboron)naphthalenediyl 35 and l-(dichloroindium)-8-(dimesitylboron)... 

Other main group elements have been used as promoters in MCS beds containing copper, tin and zinc. Phosphorus and indium have been used in the MCS reaction. The reaction of silicon (40 g) with MeCl (2 bar) at 300 °C in the presence of Cu (3.2 g), ZnO (0.05 g), In (0.004 g) and P (0.056 g) gave 1.7% of Me3SiCl, 0.017% mixture of MeSiCl3/Me2SiCl2 and 3.7% of polysilanes34. Antimony, just below phosphorus in... 

Reactions of elemental gallium or indium with the corresponding trihalides afforded compounds for which elemental analyses verified the... 

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