Reactions with elements

The reaction rates cannot be set as high as intrinsically possible by the kinetics, because otherwise heat removal due to the large reaction enthalpies (500-550 kj mol ) will become a major problem [17, 60, 61]. For this reason, the hydrogen supply is restricted, thereby controlling the reaction rate. Otherwise, decomposition of nitrobenzene or of partially hydrogenated intermediates can occur ]60], The reaction involves various elemental reactions with different intermediates which can react with each other ]60], At short reaction times, the intermediates can be identified, while complete conversion is achieved at long reaction times. The product aniline itself can react further to give side products such as cyclohexanol, cyclohexylamine and other species. 

The sulfonation of toluene proceeds via a complex scheme of elemental reactions with numerous side and consecutive reactions. Toluene sulfonic acid and sulfur trioxide can read in a consecutive process to give toluene pyrosulfonic acid, which can undergo further reactions [315,316]. Reaction of this acid with another molecule of toluene yields two molecules toluene sulfonic acid or ditolyl sulfone. In addition, toluene sulfonic anhydride may be formed via readion of toluene pyrosulfonic acid with toluene sulfonic acid. 

Elemental bromine is a diatomic molecule (Bt2). Bromine will combine with most other elements. Reaction with metallic elements leads to salts such as silver bromide (AgBr), in which the bromine atom has a — 1 charge and oxidation number. Bromine forms many interesting covalent compounds as well, including two oxides bromine (TV) oxide (Br02) and bromine... 

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