INDEX temperature affects

The refractive index is very sensitive to temperature and pressure. To overcome this drawback, the two cells are close. Any change in temperature affects both cells. The main specifications are refractive index range, flow rate range, and temperature settings. Gradients cannot be used with RI detectors, but some devices to do so have been described. 

Measurements of the diffraction peak intensities at various temperatures indicated that the vibrations of the ions in the AIN lattice were anisotropic. The Intensities of different diffraction lines depended differently on the temperature (Fig. 3). Variation of the temperature affected most the lines with large values of the Miller index I and least the lines characterized by I — 0. This indicated that the vibrations of the ions had a larger amplitude along the c axis than in the basal plane. Under these conditions, the atomic scattering factors of the Al and the N ions should also be anisotropic, I.e.,... 

Refractometry Refractometry is a quick and reasonably accurate alternative to chemical analysis for serum total protein when a rapid estimate is required. The refractive index of water at 20°C is 1.330 if solute is added to the water, the refractive index of a dilute solution increases linearly and proportionally to the solute concentration at higher concentrations of dissolved solids (50-200gl ), the increase is nearly linear. Temperature affects appreciably the refractive index of a solution, so refracto-meters for clinical use compensate for temperature effects. Serum contains dissolved solids in concentrations of 80-100 gl, most of which are proteins. In the refractometry of serum, it is assumed that the concentration of inorganic electrolytes and nonprotein organic compounds does not vary appreciably from serum to serum and that the differences in the refractive index reflect primarily the differences in protein concentrations. The assumption has been shown to be reliable for clear, nonpigmented samples, but hemolysis, lipemia, icterus, and azotemia produce erroneously high results. The method cannot be used for urine protein measurement because of excess solutes in relation to the protein. 

Viscosity Index Improvers. VI improvers are long-chain, high molecular weight polymers that increase the relative viscosity of an oil at high temperatures more than at low temperatures. In cold oil the molecules of the polymer adopt a compressed coiled form so that the affect on viscosity is minimized. In hot oil the molecules swell, and interaction with the oil produces a proportionally greater thickening effect. Although the viscosity of the oil—polymer mixture decreases as the temperature increases, viscosity does not decrease as much as the oil alone would decrease. 

Concurrent bombardment during film growth affects film properties such as the film—substrate adhesion, density, surface area, porosity, surface coverage, residual film stress, index of refraction, and electrical resistivity. In reactive ion plating, the use of concurrent bombardment allows the deposition of stoichiometric, high density films of compounds such as TiN, ZrN, and Zr02 at low substrate temperatures. 

Thus, the Martonne aridity index defines not only climatic parameters but also vegetational ones. Seasonality of precipitation is another climatic factor that affects desert and steppe boundaries. For a given mean annual temperature, the boundary of a steppe will extend into wetter climates if its precipitation falls mainly in the summer. This is because summer evapotranspiration depletes soil moisture more thoroughly than winter evapotranspiration. For similar reasons, the size of a desert will be larger if its precipitation falls in the summer rather than in the winter (Monger et al., 2004). 

The 01 value is affected by the temperature of the environment (26). With increase in temperature, the 01 values decrease, and thus in many cases instead of 01 a Temperature Index (TI) is used. TI of a material is defined as a temperature of the environment at which its 01 becomes equal to the concentration of oxygen in normal air. 

In this thesis an inherent safety index for evaluating inherent safety in preliminary process design was presented. The inherent safety of a process is affected by both chemical and process engineering aspects. These have been dealt separately, since the index was divided into the Chemical Inherent Safety Index and the Process Inherent Safety Index. These two indices consist of several subindices which further depict specific safety aspects. The Chemical Inherent Safety Index describes the inherent safety of chemicals in the process. The affecting factors are the heat of the main reaction and the maximum heat of possible side reactions, flammability, explosiveness, toxicity, corrosiveness and the interaction of substances present in the process. The Process Inherent Safety Index expresses safety of the process itself. The subindices describe maximum inventory, maximum process temperature and pressure, safety of equipment and the safety of process structure. 

In 10 there a great variety of materials is used, and their optical constants may be affected e.g. by film deposition technologies. What is thus required is the access to data for material dispersion with relation to technological parameter as well, either as Sellmeier or related formula, or as tabulated values. Additionally, refractive indices respond to temperature, which may be intended for device operation in case of a TO-switch, or unintended in field use. The temperature dependence of the refractive index can be attributed to the individual material, simply, but the influence of heater electrodes needs special consideration. If an 10 design-tool comes with inherent TO or EO capabilities, those effects are taken into account in the optical design directly. 

The polymerization process is a low temperature catalytic reaction. The type of polymer produced is strongly affected by the reaction temperature. Low temperatures give low molecular weight polymers, the kind useful in caulking compounds and as a viscosity index improver for motor oils. 

The results on olefin isomers (Table Vll) can also be explained by the observation that the constraint index of ZSM-5 is approximately unity under the conditions of this study. Shape selectivity or preferential conversion of straight chain olefins by ZSM-5 cannot be expected at 500 C. Thus, under the conditions of this study, olefin isomer distribution was not significantly affected by deactivated ZSM-5. At temperatures lower than that employed in the present study, it is conceivable that distribution of olefin isomers could be altered by steam deactivated ZSM-5. 

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