INDEX stratosphere

Whisnant, D. M. Lever, L. Howe, J. J. "C1204 in the Stratosphere," http //www.jce.divched.org/JCEDLib/LmCom/collection/JCE2005p0334LC M/index.html, (Accessed May 23,2006). 

Yue, G.K., L.R. Poole, P.-H. Wang, and E.W. Chiou (1994) Stratospheric aerosol acidity, density, and refractive index deduced from SAGE II and NMC temperature data, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 3727-3787. 

Patterson et al. (1982) have studied the optical properties of the ash from the El Chichon in the wavelength region 300-700 nm. The samples were collected on the ground at various distances from the volcano. In the absence of in-situ data the refractive index for the stratospheric silicate was given as n = 1.53 — 0.001 j. 

FIGURE 5.20 Cumulative series of the standardized WIBIX (mean — 0, STD = 1, open circles) and the detrended series of the Simkin Volcano Index (SIX) (dots) describing the weighted frequency of annual volcanic eruptions reaching the stratosphere between 63°S and 87"N modified from Hagen (2006) horizontal lines mark identified interim periods of the continental (full line) and the maritime climate mode (dotted line) derived from Fig. 5.14. 

A related issue associated with an eventual fleet of supersonic aircraft is the particulate Emission Index. If the El of small particles measured by Fahey et al. (1995) in the exhaust of the Concorde is characteristic of the proposed HSCT fleet, significant increases in particle number and surface area would be likely to occur in the lower stratosphere, with concomitant effects on stratospheric chemistry. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, List of Substitutes for Ozone-Depleting Substances, last update May 1999, http //www.epa.gov/spdpublc/title6/snap/lists/index.html. Stratospheric Protection Division, Washington, DC, June 1999. 

The UV Index is an index for planning sun-safety outdoor activities. The UV Index predicts the peak level of solar UV radiation in a day and estimates the risk from overexposure. The index has a simple scale from 0 to 12. Local weather forecasts around the world use this index. There is a computer model with an empirical formula based on stratospheric ozone concentration, cloud amounts, and elevation from the ground that estimates the ground-level strength of solar UV radiation. The UV Index started in Canada and is a standard of the World Health Organization and other organizations. Table 21-3 lists the UV Index values and their interpretations. 

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