Simkin Volcano

FIGURE 5.20 Cumulative series of the standardized WIBIX (mean — 0, STD = 1, open circles) and the detrended series of the Simkin Volcano Index (SIX) (dots) describing the weighted frequency of annual volcanic eruptions reaching the stratosphere between 63°S and 87"N modified from Hagen (2006) horizontal lines mark identified interim periods of the continental (full line) and the maritime climate mode (dotted line) derived from Fig. 5.14. 

Simkin, T., Siebert, L., McClelland, L., Bridge, D., Newhall, C., Latter, J.H., 1981. Volcanoes of the world. Smithsonian Institution, Stroudsburg/Pennsylvania, pp. 232. 

Simkin T, Siebert L (1994) Volcanoes of the world. Geoscience Press, Tucson, Arizona Snyder G, Poreda R, Hunt A, Fehn U (2001) Regional variations in volatile composition Isotopic evidence for carbonate recycling in the Central American volcanic arc. Geochem Geophys Geosystems 2 U1-U32... 

This phenomenon is well known in fluid mechanics (Leal 1980) and was applied by Simkin (1967) to the intrasion of the mafic magma of dikes on the Isle of Skye in Scotland and by Upton and Wadsworth (1967) to the intrusion of a small sill on the volcano Piton des Neiges on Reunion. The textures of igneous rocks that result from flow differentiaton of mafic magma have been described by Marsh (1996a, b). 

Siebert, Lee, Tom Simkin, and Paul Kimberly, Volcanoes of the World, 3rd ed.. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 2011. 

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