INDEX medulla

As an example of how the chemical modification can influence the affinity of sulfonamides to certain tissues, the results of another model experiment are briefly reviewed. Groups of four rabbits received a single oral dose of 500 mg. per kg. of five different sulfonamides and were sacrificed 3 hours later. Free and total sulfonamide were determined in the cortex and medulla of the kidneys as well as in the blood plasma. A summary of the results limited to the free sulfonamide is presented in Figure 9. The most pronounced differences are seen between sulfisoxazole and sulfamethoxazole, two agents which are chemically similar. With sulfisoxazole, the kidney levels are much higher than the plasma levels and the sulfonamide content in the medulla of the kidney markedly surpasses the one in the cortex (index medulla/cortex = 1.6). With sulfamethoxazole, almost identical sulfonamide levels are found in kidney cortex, medulla, and blood plasma. 

Chronic Oral MRL for Methylmercury Hair levels are typically used as an index of exposure to methymercury. A number of studies report that hair mercury levels correlate with total intake levels and with organ-specific levels of mercury. Suzuki et al. (1993) analyzed 46 human autopsies in Tokyo, Japan and reported that hair mercury levels were highly significantly correlated with organ Hg levels in the cerebrum, cerebellum, heart, spleen, liver, kidney cortex, and kidney medulla, when the total mercury or methyl mercury value in the organ was compared with the hair total mercury or organic mercury, respectively. 

In some fibers, very few medullary cells are present and the medullary canal appears as a well-defined air-filled space. Bnmner and Comans have classified the medulla on the basis of its absence or interruption [161]. Alternatively, in the forensic sciences, Clement et al. have classified human medullae as either intermediate or fragmental [162]. The latter used the ratio of medulla diameter to hair diameter to obtain the medullary index (MD/HD = MI). 

At the crime scene, various fibers and hairs are collected by policemen. They are immediately examined at the forensic laboratory in order to identify the suspect and help solve the crime. The examination needs to establish (1) whether it is a hair or a fiber (synthetic or plant) (2) its species if it is a hair (3) its somatic origin if it is a human hair (4) whether it is similar to the suspect or the concerned persons. Microscopic examination will resolve the first point. It will also allow discrimination between human and animal hair, as the medulla of human hair does not develop well and shows less than 0.30 of medullary index (ratio of medulla diameter to hair diameter). But determining the species of animal requires experience in animal hair examination. Almost every animal hair shows specific shape of cuticule and medulla under microscopical observation. With regard to the somatic origin of human hair, there are some basic features that usually indicate the bodily origin of the hair. For example, head hair has long length, 30-120 pm diameter, tapered tip, little diameter variation, various medullation, sometimes cut tips, and treatment. Pubic hair has a twisted... 

According to inpatient records from St. Luke s Hospital, the most common laboratory finding related to sarin toxicity was a decrease in plasma cholinesterase (ChE) levels in 74% of patients. In patients with more severe toxicity, plasma ChE levels tended to be lower, but a more accurate indication of ChE inhibition is the measurement of erythrocyte ChE, as erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is considered "true ChE" and plasma ChE is "pseudo-ChE." However, erythrocyte ChE is not routinely measured, whereas plasma ChE is included in many clinical chemistry panels thus, it can be used as a simple index for ChE activity. In both the Matsumoto and Tokyo subway sarin attacks, plasma ChE served as a useful index of sarin exposure. In 92% of hospitalized patients, plasma ChE levels returned to normal on the following day. In addition, inpatient records from St. Luke s Hospital showed an elevated creatine phosphokinase and leukocytosis in 11% and 60% of patients, respectively. In severe cases such as the Matsumoto attack, hyperglycemia, ketonuria, and low serum triglycerides due to tire toxic effects of sarin on the adrenal medulla were observed (Yanagisawa et al, 2006). 

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