Diameter variation

Tims it is possible to estimate order of magnitnde limits for detonation propagation nsing calcnlated CJ indnction zone lengths or measnred cell size data. These were limits for established detonations propagating into pipes of decreasing diameter. Variations in the detonability of different mixtnres in different pipe geometries are thns intimately linked to the initial chemical and physical properties of the mixtnre. 

Fig. 13.13 (a) Experimental setup, (b) Transmission spectrum of an MNF touching the optical fiber inset shows the spectral band and transmission dip (circled) used for measurement of the fiber diameter variation. Reprinted from Ref. 18 with permission. 2008 Optical Society of America... 

Coppeta et al. [10] made slurry film measurements during using laser-induced fluorescence. By addition of a fluorescent dye to the polishing slurry film thickness was experimentally from the fluorescence intensity of the lubrication film as measured through a transparent substrate. Film thickness measurements were in good agreement with those of Levert et al. [7,8]. This technique can also be used to study slurry transport across the wafer surface, diameter variation in lubrication film thickness, and slurry mixing effects [11]. 

In addition to flow maldistribution, small deviations in the channel diameter (which typically originate from imperfect manufacturing) cause a broadening of the RTD. The deviations may also be the result of nonuniform coating of the channel walls with catalyst material (Section 5). If the number of parallel channels is large (i.e., N > 30), a normal distribution of the channel diameters with a standard deviation a can be assumed. The effect of the diameter variation on the pressure drop in the microreactor can be estimated on the basis of the relative standard deviation, G = ffd/ t [81 ] ... 

I d ous glass and quartz are also basically similar, but tb i lwo.a sorbents h ive not been used much in adsorption chromatography. Chromato-I l aphic silicas are amorphous, porous solids which can be prepared in a wide range of surface areas and average pore diameters Variation Of solution pH during the acid gelation of sodium silicate yields silicas with... 

Plot (a) was obtained from an organic dye and plot (b) was obtained from a quantum dot suspension. For an organic dye solution, since the sizes of organic dye molecules are the same and the quantum levels (n) arc well fixed so a distinct absoiption spectrum will be obtained. For a quantum dot suspension, due to the diameter variation of quantum dots and variable quantum transition levels, the separation of energy levels will vary as l /r ). Therefore, the w avelength of light that can cause excitation w ill also vary. 

Fig. 37.3 Non-dimensional droplet diameter variations as a function of distance from the reactor inlet for various T, for given do. No, Q, RHo, and Co- Reactor inlet gas and droplet temperatures are 25°C RHq = 10%, and initial solute concentration Co = 2 M. (Reprinted from [10] with permission. Copyright 2009 of Taylor Francis)...

Figures 16.9 and 16.10 compare the effects of inner diameter and sweep variation on module performance. Like sweep variability, inner diameter variability is detrimental to performance - dry gas recovery and flow rate deaease as the variability increases. However, the effect of inner diameter variability is significantly larger. The dry gas flow rate decreases by a factor of two with 20% inner diameter variation for the lower dry gas dew points. Changes in dry gas recovery are smaller and do not exceed 5% at the lowest dew points considered.

Figure 16.9 Effect of sweep and fibre inner diameter variation on dry gas flow rate as a function of dew point solid - no variation, short dash - sweep variation = 0.2, long dash - inner diameter variation = 0.2...

At the crime scene, various fibers and hairs are collected by policemen. They are immediately examined at the forensic laboratory in order to identify the suspect and help solve the crime. The examination needs to establish (1) whether it is a hair or a fiber (synthetic or plant) (2) its species if it is a hair (3) its somatic origin if it is a human hair (4) whether it is similar to the suspect or the concerned persons. Microscopic examination will resolve the first point. It will also allow discrimination between human and animal hair, as the medulla of human hair does not develop well and shows less than 0.30 of medullary index (ratio of medulla diameter to hair diameter). But determining the species of animal requires experience in animal hair examination. Almost every animal hair shows specific shape of cuticule and medulla under microscopical observation. With regard to the somatic origin of human hair, there are some basic features that usually indicate the bodily origin of the hair. For example, head hair has long length, 30-120 pm diameter, tapered tip, little diameter variation, various medullation, sometimes cut tips, and treatment. Pubic hair has a twisted... 

V. Lavaste, J. Besson and A. R. Bunsell, Statistical analysis of strength distribution of alumina based single fibers accounting for diameter variations, J. Mater. Sd., 30,2042-2048 (1995). 

Majority of the previous works on PALF and PALF-reinforced composites utilized fine bundles with diameters less than 100 pm. Mohamed et al. differentiated large vascular bundles and fine strands and determined that the former had a mean diameter of 241.9 pm and was less varying, while the latter had a mean diameter of 72.7 pm and a larger diameter variation as confirmed by visual observation (Mohamed et al. 2010a). They observed that PALF vascular bundles were present and extracted in one lamina, while fine fiber strands were present in a few bottom layers. The diameters of fine fiber strands were decreasing toward the bottom face of the leaf. 

Gupta, P.K. (1987) Combined effect of flaw distribution and diameter variation on the statistics of glass liber strength. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 70 486-492. 

Figure 9.1 (a) Influence of channel diameter variations on the reactor conversion ideal reactor (thick line), reactor with = 0.1 (thin line), (b) Influence of the parameter y on the conversion in microreactor with or =0.01 y= 15. 30. and 60. 

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