INDEX administration routes

Drug administration route Tissue necrosis has been described in three cases of intravenous administration of promethazine, which is not recommended in two cases the complications were extensive—one patient needed an amputation of a thumb and index finger because of gangrene and the other developed chronic pain and hypersensitivity [17 ]. Other cases have been reported [18, 19 ], as have cases of accidental intra-arterial administration [20, 21, 22" ]. 

Index for anti-inflammatory activity. Model acute inflammation, method Carragennan induced edema, test animal albino rats, number of animals per group 6, route of administration oral, standard phenylbutazone (100 mgkg ), test compounds lOOmgkg ... 

Benzodiazepines are the evidence-based treatment of choice for uncomplicated alcohol withdrawal.17 Barbiturates are not recommended because of their low therapeutic index due to respiratory depression. Some of the anticonvulsants have also been used to treat uncomplicated withdrawal (particularly car-bamazepine and sodium valproate). Although anticonvulsants provide an alternative to benzodiazepines, they are not as well studied and are less commonly used. The most commonly employed benzodiazepines are chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, lorazepam, and oxazepam. They differ in three major ways (1) their pharmacokinetic properties, (2) the available routes for their administration, and (3) the rapidity of their onset of action due to the rate of gastrointestinal absorption and rate of crossing the blood-brain barrier. 

In terms of pharmacokinetics, many host factors, such as the route of administration, the metabolism, the catabolism and clearance will considerably determine the anti neoplastic success of a drug. One major difficulty with the clinical effectiveness of chemotherapy of neoplastic diseases is the requirement that it kill malignant tumor cells at doses that allow cells in the patient s vital organs to survive so that the recovery can occur. In other words, it is to obtain a reasonably safe therapeutic index favoring introduction into clinical practice. 

Succimer has also been effective in animal models and has a higher therapeutic index than dimercaprol. However, because it is available in the United States only for oral administration, its use may not be advisable in the initial treatment of acute arsenic poisoning, when severe gastroenteritis and splanchnic edema may limit absorption by this route. 

Many drugs listed in the Brand and Generic Name Index have several variations on the trade name, depending on different forms of the drug and routes of administration. For example, a drug that is available in tablets, capsules, and injectable forms may have slight variations on the trade name that reflect these different preparations. 

Toxicological evaluation of identified and unidentified impurities from a container can help improve the safety index of drug products. The toxicological evaluation should take into consideration container closure system properties, drug product formulation, dosage form, route of administration, and dose regimen. A close correlation between chemical and toxicological information can provide better control on safety and compatibility of containers and closures. 

Recording details of the studies, including the models used and associated parameter values reported, is an obvious starting place. Additional details include the chemical analysis method, the pharmacokinetic analysis method, the studied population (specifically subpopulations), number of healthy volunteers or patients, number of pharmacokinetic samples per patient, the dose, the formulation, and the route of administration. If one publication includes several groups of patients (or the same patient received two different formulations/concomitant medications), then each cohort may need to be treated as a repeated measure of the same study or within the same study, which may be indexed according to a study or patient covariate. 

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