INDEX adipose tissue

The quantitative determination of the concentrations of PBBs in blood, serum, adipose tissue, milk, and other body tissues or fluids is important in determining the human body burden of these chemicals. Fat is the largest repository of PBBs in the body, and concentrations in fat can provide an index of body burdens and exposure. It is simpler and less invasive to collect samples of serum or breast milk than body fat. However, the collection of milk and serum for the estimation of possible body burtfen has limitations. Breast milk can be obtained from limited segments of the population. Also the concentration of PBBs in breast milk can show considerable fluctuations because the breast is emptied only periodically (Brilliant et al. 1978 Willett et al. 1988). Serum, however, has lower PBB concentrations than body fat (see Section 3.5.1). 

Support for these results comes from a paper in which the partitioning of 17 dmgs into adipose tissue was examined [84]. For these drugs, log Poct, log Doct atpH 74, and the retention time on an immobilized artificial membrane, log k IAM, were determined. The adipose storage index (ASI) was defined as ... 

Blood volume, 700, 723 BMt, siv Body mass Indejt BMR, see Basal metaboltc rate Body fat, see Adipose tissue Body mass index (BMI), 382,386-392 Body temperature, regulaKon during exercise, 726... 

Obesity has now become a major public health problem among children and adolescents in the developed world. Obesity is defined in childhood, as in adults, by the proportion of the body weight which is adipose tissue. For most purposes this corresponds to the body mass index (see Chapter 9). A child whose body mass index (BMI) is greater than that of 85% of children of similar age and gender in his or her community, is considered to be overweight if it is greater than 95% of other children of similar age and gender, that child is defined as obese (Kiess et al. 2001). 

The nitrogen balance index (NBI) is used to evaluate the amount of protein used by the body in comparison with the amount of protein supplied from daily food intake [105]. The body is in the state of nitrogen (or protein) equilibrium when the intake and usage of protein is equal. The body has a positive nitrogen balance wheu the intake of protein is greater than that expended by the body. In this case, the body can build and develop new tissue. Since the body does not store protein, the overconsumption of protein can result in the excess amount to be converted into fat and stored as adipose tissue. The body has a negative nitrogen balance when the intake of protein is less than that expended by the body. In this case, protein intake is less than required, aud the body cannot maintain or build new tissues. 

The distribution of CLA over cell organelles is only rarely described in the literature. In 2002 Demaree et al. (41) examined the interaction between CLA and dietary fat type on the enrichment of subcellular fractions, the desaturase index and adiposity in pigs. Early weaned piglets were fed for 35 days on diets supplemented with 15 g beef tallow or corn oil/ 100 g diet, or 12 g tallow or corn oil plus 3 g CLA/100 g. It turned out that microsomes accumulated <50% the concentration of rl0,cl2-, and c9,rll-CLA as membrane fractions (containing plasma membranes, nuclei, and mitochondria) and nonmembrane fractions (containing nonpolar lipids) of adipose tissue and longissimus muscle. There was no evidence of preferential... 

Obesity Excessive body weight due to accumulation of adipose tissue. Obesity is generally considered to be a body mass index greater than 30 between 25 and 30 is overweight. 

It has been a consistent finding that Type II diabetes is almost invariably associated with obesity but of more fundamental interest is its association with a particular distribution of body fat. The excessive adipose tissue characteristic of obesity tends to be distributed in the upper body, including the waist (android or upper body obesity) or the lower body, including the hips and buttocks (gynoid or lower body obesity). The former is more characteristic of men and is more closely associated with Type II diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and other metabolic disorders while the latter is more usually seen in women and has fewer adverse metabolic implications. These relationships are so strong that risk can be assessed by a relatively simple index the ratio of waist to hip circumference. 

In order to define the obese state in a clinical setting, it is necessary to have a means of estimating the amount of adipose (fat) tissue relative to lean body mass. Whereas highly accurate determinations of body composition require complex laboratory procedures, large clinical studies typically employ measures of skin-fold thickness (11) or more commonly, body mass index (BMI) as a quantitative measure of obesity. 

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