Independent groups

During 1961-2 four independent groups almost simultaneously reported the first syntheses of D-norsteroids, based on the photolysis of 16-diazo-17-ketones. In a typical procedure. Cava and Moroz ° convert the 16-oximino-17-one (93) derived from estrone methyl ether (92) to the diazoketone (94)... 

To a good approximation one can assume that there are two independent groups of electrons (or channels) which carry the current, majority (or spin up) and minority (or spin down). Relativistic effects can couple the electron s spin to its motion through the lattice, but this effect is usually small for the transition metals and has not been included in the calculations shown here. 

Polymerization of amino acid iV-carboxyanhydrides to polypeptides exemplifies another interesting reaction which exhibits a number of unusual features. This reaction has been, and is still being, vigorously investigated by several independent groups of workers, and some recent results are particularly intriguing and deserve a detailed discussion. 

Noteworthy that all the above formulated results can be applied to calculate the statistical characteristics of the products of polycondensation of an arbitrary mixture of monomers with kinetically independent groups under any regime of this process. To determine the values of the elements of the probability transition matrix of corresponding Markov chains it will suffice to calculate only the concentrations Q()- of chemical bonds (ij) at different conversions of functional groups. In the case of equilibrium polycondensation the concentrations Qy are controlled by the thermodynamic parameters, whereas under the nonequilibrium regime of this process they depend on kinetic parameters. 

With models being formulated by many independent groups, it is inevitable that comparisons will be made in the hope of identifying the better or more useful models. Comparison between models of different classes is usually not meaningful. 

It took nearly a decade from the time the first purified IN protein was reported to the elucidation of the basic pharmacophore through the discovery of diketo acids (DKAs) and acid isostere analogs which were nearly simultaneously reported by independent groups [7]. Examples of these early generation IN inhibitors (INIs) are shown in Figure 1. 

Two independent groups of scientists developed FIA in the middle of seventies Ruzicka and Hansen in Denmark [3] and Stewart et al. in the United States [15] and since then it has been developed rapidly. The first group developed the method using primarily instrumentation normally associated with segmented flow analyzers (SFA). In contrast, the second group based their initial work on HPLC components. These two different origins of FIA are responsible for several features of the technique related to SFA and /or HPLC that may characterize FIA as a hybrid of SFA and HPLC. 

Here it is our intention to show that for a system constituted by substrate phonons and laterally interacting low-frequency adsorbate vibrations which are harmonically coupled with the substrate, the states can be subclassified into independent groups by die wave vector K referring to the first Brillouin zone of the adsorbate lattice.138 As the phonon state density of a substrate many-fold exceeds the vibrational mode density of an adsorbate, for each adsorption mode there is a quasicontinuous phonon spectrum in every group of states determined by K (see Fig. 4.1). Consequently, we can regard the low-frequency collectivized mode of the adsorbate, t /(K), as a resonance vibration with the renormalized frequency and the reciprocal lifetime 7k-... 

The groups are not exhaustive in representing all possible clay procurement and manufacturing localities for pottery sampled in the archaeological survey. Approximately one-third of the initially considered sherds - those characterized by medium to fine quartz sand - were not amenable to independent grouping or to membership in the established reference units. 

The first UV spectral evidence of the independent groups in 1964 (11). Since then, extensive [Pg.361]

A cytosolic binding protein for CsA was first isolated in 1984 and named cyclophilin, later cyclophilin A (CyPA), in reference to its high affinity for CsA (18). CyPA is a basic, abundant protein with a mass of 18 kDa, and it is found in a variety of tissues. The first clue to its function came in 1989 when two independent groups isolated the enzyme that catalyzes pepti-dyl proline isomerization/peptidylprolyl cis-trans isomerase (EC 5.2.1.8 PPIase), in protein chains and (re)discovered CyPA (19, 20). CyPA is a potent PPIase, and its enzymatic activity is strongly inhibited by CsA. 

Synthesis of unsaturated and partially saturated tetrazolo[l,5- ]pyrazincs by multicomponent reactions have been intensively studied during the past few years and publication on this subject by three independent groups appeared. The results are shown in Scheme 22. 

Recently, two independent groups reported almost at the same time that polymer-supported DBU [388] and TBD [389] (l,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene) were... 

The only S9Co NMR study is on Co4(CO)i2 and the apparent discrepancy between the results obtained by two independent groups in 1967 104,173 has recently been resolved66. The s9Co NMR spectrum of a solution of Co (CO)12 in hexane at 30 °C shows two peaks at 8,400 and 9,670 p.p.m. to high field of [Co(NH3)6]C13 with relative intensities 1 3 respectively66. This is clearly consistent with the solid state structure (Fig. 4) but is inconsistent with the 13C NMR results66 92). 

The Log-Rank Test is a statistical methodology for comparing the distribution of time until the occurrence of the event in independent groups. In toxicology, the most common event of interest is death or occurrence of a tumor, but it could just as well be liver failure, neurotoxicity, or any other event which occurs only once in an individual. The elapsed time from initial treatment or observation until the event is the event time, often referred to as survival time , even when the event is not death . 

An independent group that reviews and approves material about a clinical trial to ensure that the study is safe and effective and adheres to FDA regulations. 

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