Incumbents

Economic Aspects. Manufacturing facilities for CFG alternatives are just now coming on line. The size of the markets for the alternatives is estimated to be quite large (several thousand t/yr), but it will not be as large as the prior markets for CFCs themselves. This is largely because of the higher cost of the alternatives, typically 3—5 times that of the incumbents. Low value-in-use appHcations which caimot support the cost of the alternatives will disappear or will switch to not-in-kind alternatives such as hydrocarbons for foam blowing. 

It is incumbent upon the toller to develop and follow internal management systems as appropriate to support business needs, production needs, process safety, environmental responsibility, and worker health. The selection process should have considered whether or not satisfactory systems are in place. Nevertheless, the contract or auxiliary documents may be the vehicle used to help ensure that the system reviewed is the system actually used for completing the toll in question. Within the process safety management system, the management of change and training elements are essential subsystems. 

Considering the merchant nature of the tolling business, these informal communications must still respect the confidentiality concerns and restrictions on both parties. While specific experience in allied technologies often may not be disclosed, it is incumbent on both parties to establish means to convey critical safety issues without disclosure of otherwise confidential information. 

With respect to the formation of unwanted polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the pyrolytic process, it has been shown that conditions can be maintained where such fonuation is negligible according to EPA and OSHA standards. As production rates are increased, it will be incumbent on any manufacturer to maintain a set of operating parameters which produce an environmentally-benign product however, current information regarding the process for fiber formation reveals no barriers to accomplishing this. 

It is incumbent on the Vendor to comply with all legislation applicable to the Project. Venezuelan Government requirements, laws and custom shall prevail. 

Oblatenpapier, n. wafer paper, rice paper, obliegen, v.i. be incumbent (on) attend (to). Obliegenheit, /. obligation, duty, obligatorisch, a. obligatory. 

Significant capital expenditure usually represents a substantial commitment of the resources of a business, both financially and in terms of man-hours. It is therefore incumbent upon management to ensure that proposals for such outlays receive proper and full consideration of all the relevant implications before implementation. Once policies as to levels of authorization and commitment are laid down, there should follow the formal appraisal of the financial effects of the proposal. These can be formulated only after detailed discussion with the appropriate departments as to all the physical, technical and environmental factors involved in making the final decision. There will also be brought into consideration, where pertinent, the marketing and sales effects. 

It will be noted that a change in editors has taken place since the publication of Volume 7 in 1975, this change being the first since the inception of the Encyclopedia program in 1958. It was necessitated by the death of Dr Basil T. Fedoroff in December 1976 (see obituary which follows), and the retirement of Mr Oliver E. Sheffield in October 1975 after some 34 years of Federal service, with incumbency atPicatinny Arsenal since January 1943. He authored or co-authored over 40 Picatinny Arsenal Technical Reports and AMC Manuals on explosives, pyrotechnics and propellants. Sheffield is best known as co-editor of this Encyclopedia, with which he was associated since 1958... 

For acquisitions of instruments, cost-benefit analysis is usually only the first step. It is much more difficult to write a justification for an instrument based on project utilization. In some companies, it may be difficult to get an instrument unless one can go outside the company to get data to prove the benefits of an instrument. That scientific literature demonstrating the utility of an instrument on related compounds is not an acceptable substitute to data on the company s compound can be distressing it can be difficult to get the necessary permissions to take a sample out of the company to a university or to an instrumental applications laboratory, and it can be awkward to present data to a conference of senior managers who have little understanding of the science involved in the presentation. However, the present system often makes it incumbent on the laboratory director to do these things to get the instruments necessary to complete projects on time. 

The prescribing of a drug is the most common outcome of a patient visit to a physician 60% of physician visits result in a prescription or injection for patients. It is incumbent on health professionals to ensure that this process of receiving and taking medications benefits and does not harm patients. Clinicians are often called upon to identify, resolve, and prevent problems that occur due to undertreatment, overtreatment, or inappropriate treatment. Problems occurring with the use of drugs can include ... 

Although not typically life-threatening, spinal cord compression is a true oncologic emergency because delays in treatment by mere hours may lead to permanent neurologic dysfunction. It is therefore incumbent on practitioners to... 

It should be incumbent on any designer, regardless of the procedure adopted, to document all of the following input data in order to substantiate the derivation of any anticipated or verifiable subsequent performance ... 

In agreement with the Reich Ministry of Economics, I accordingly direct you to stockpile that amount of the raw and auxiliary materials indicated by you as necessary for the execution of the mobilization order, which would cover the requirements for three months.. .. It is incumbent upon you to register as priority transports the quantities of these materials required, for the first four weeks, from the beginning of the mobilization, with the military-economics department concerned. Please inform me as soon as possible that the directives issued to you for stockpiling have been carried out. 

It is futile to hope for physicists to apply their modern views to chemical phenomena, or even expect these concepts to emerge in user-friendly form. It is incumbent on the chemists themselves to incorporate the ideas of advanced quantum mechanics, relativity and field theory into the canon of chemistry. This procedure requires recasting of the formalisms in different terms into the language of chemistry. 

At the outset of involvement in laboratory design it is incumbent for the health and safety specialists to designate those codes, regulations, and special requirements they consider essential to produce a safe and healthful work environment. All to often the A/E will choose a standard building code to follow. These codes, while appropriate for office buildings, do not address the necessary life safety requirements necessary for laboratories. 

The objectives of depressuring are (1) to prevent a vessel from rupturing during a major fire exposure (from the weakened condition of the vessel steel), (2) to prevent further fire escalation and (3) to minimize the impacts to the vessel itself. It is therefore incumbent to depressure a vessel so that its stress is less than the stress to cause a rupture from fire conditions. These stresses and rupture periods can be estimated to determine the need for depressuring systems for hydrocarbon vessels. These estimates can provide a rough estimate for the need of a depressurization system for a particular hydrocarbon process. 

Node 1. The first step is to set up and solve the relaxation of the binary IP via LP. The optimal solution has one fractional (noninteger) variable (y2) and an objective function value of 129.1. Because the feasible region of the relaxed problem includes the feasible region of the initial IP problem, 129.1 is an upper bound on the value of the objective function of the IP. If we knew a feasible binary solution, its objective value would be a lower bound on the value of the objective function, but none is assumed here, so the lower bound is set to -< >. There is as yet no incumbent, which is the best feasible integer solution found thus far. 

When the gap is smaller than some fraction tol of the incumbent s objective value (the factor 1.0 ensures that the test makes sense when lb = 0). When lb = — oo, you will always satisfy Equation 9.1. A tol value of 10-4 would be a tight tolerance, 0.01 would be neither tight nor loose, and 0.03 or higher would be loose. The termination criterion used in the Microsoft Excel Solver has a default tol value of 0.05. 

Node 4. Node 4 has an integer solution, with an objective function value of 44, which is smaller than that of the incumbent obtained previously. The incumbent is unchanged, and this node is fathomed. 

A BB tree for this problem is in Figure E9.2b. The numbers to the left of each node are the current upper and lower bounds on the objective function, and the values to the right are the (y1 y2) values in the optimal solution to the LP relaxation at the node. The solution at node 1 has yx fractional, so we branch on y, leading to nodes 2 and 3. If node 2 is evaluated first, its solution is an integer, so the node is fathomed, and (2, 5) becomes the incumbent solution. This solution is optimal, but we do not... 

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