Incentives institutional

One of the primary incentives for inter-firm collaboration is organizational learning. Powell Koput (1996) succinctly indicate the motive for these linkages Research breakthroughs demand a range of intellectual and scientific skills that far exceed the capabilities of any one organization. As knowledge is brokered across institutional frames, opportunities for creativity and recombinant innovation are dramatically enabled ... 

As this proposal constitutes the leading candidate for a pull incentive to stimulate research in neglected disease drugs, it has also attracted its share of criticism, as did the Institute of Medicine s (2004) proposal for advanced purchases to stimulate vaccine R D in the United States (see Sloan and Eesley, Chapter 6). In the context of neglected diseases, Farlow et al. (2005)... 

With regard to the vaccine industry, the Institute ofMedicine s Committee on the Evaluation of Vaccine Purchase Finance in the United States (2004), which was described in detail in Chapter 6, noted that the government has often used its monopsonistic power in the marketplace to hold prices down, further reducing incentives for R8cD, and that prices are sometimes held too low to encourage desirable levels of investment in R D and production capacity. 

Changes in the Optimal Institutions for Performing Research. The same factors which alter the type of research that the firm has an incentive to undertake also alter the institutional form within which that research may optimally be carried out. Last year, major chemicals firms announced the establishment of an industry-funded institute to undertake research on toxicology.(21 ) This represents a sharp break for the chemicals industry which traditionally has relied most heavily on in-house research capability. It seems explanable in part because of the shift in what is properly classifiable from the viewpoint of the... 

Identify and promote the implementation of effective non-technological approaches to pollution prevention. This research area includes socioeconomic and institutional factors that motivate behavior and foster changes in behavior as they relate to incentives for adopting pollution prevention techniques. Research is needed to understand the roles of non-technological factors in implementing pollution prevention approaches and their impact on the effectiveness of pollution prevention programs. 

---