Oils, incendiary

A1 soap in which about 50% of the org adds are derived from coconut oil, 25% from naphthenic acids and 25% from oleic acid. When stirred into gasoline at a temp range from 16—29°, M1 swells until the entire vol of gasoline becomes a more or less homogeneous gel M2 Thickener. A standard (for US Air Force) incendiary oil thickener. It is an intimate mixt of 95%Ml Thickener and 5% devolatilized silica... 

M4 Thickener. A standard incendiary oil thickener. It is a diacid A soap of isooctanoic acids derived from isooctyl ale or isooctyl aldehyde obtd from the oxidn of petroleum. It contains 2% Santocel C or Attaclay SF which serves as an antiagglorherant. About 1/2 the amt of M4 and about 1/10 mixing time is reqd for M4 Thickener as compared to Ml for thickened fuels of comparable consistency. Fuels prepd with M4 are superior in flame throwing performance with respect to range, burning and target effects, as compared with fuels prepd with other thickeners... 

M2 Thickener A standard (for Air Force only) incendiary oil thickener. It is an intimate mixt of Ml thickener 95 devolatilized silica aerogel 5%- M2 thickener is an improvement over Ml, not only because of free-flowing faster setting characteristics, but also because the thickener itself ge 1 formed are more stable. It is used in fire bombs [Ref TM 3-215/AFM 355-7 (Dec 1963), p 4l]... 

M4 Thickener A standard incendiary oil thickener. It is a diacid aluminum soap of isooctanoic acids derived from isooctyl alcohol or... 

The thermate mixture, composed of thermite and various additives, is used in igniter compositions for magnesium bombs. A number of such compositions have been developed. Three of these were Therm-8, Thermate-TH2 (formerly Therm-8-2), and Thermate-TH3 (formerly Therm-64-C). Therm-8 was the precursor of later, improved igniting formulations TH2 differs from Therm-8 in that TH2 contains no sulfur and slightly less thermite. TH3 was found to be superior to the others and thus adopted for use in the incendiary magnesium bomb. The wt % composition of TH3 is thermite, 68.7 barium nitrate, 29.0 sulfur, 2.0 and as a binder, oil, 0.3. 

Oil and Metal Incendiary Mixtures. PTl is a complex mixture composed of magnesium dust, magnesium oxide, and carbon (qv), along with an adequate amount of petroleum (qv) and asphalt (qv) to form the paste (7). The U.S. developers have adopted the formula type c paste (goop),... 

Brand-messer, tn. pyrometer. -mittel, n. escharotic remedy for burns remedy for gangrene. -81, n. empyreumatic oil (obtained by d tructive distillation), -pilz, tn. smut fungus, -probe, /. Are test. Are assay, -riss, tn. Are crack, -salbe,/. salve for burns, -satz, tn. (Mil.) an incendiary composition, -schsden, tn. damage from Are. -schiefer, tn. bituminous shale, -silber, n. reAned silver, -stein, m. brick, brandstiftend, a. incendiary. 

Pyrogels used by the US armed forces include (1) PT1, which is a complex mixt based on a paste of Mg and an oxidizer, bound with petroleum distillate and asphalt. Isobutyl methacrylate is used as a thickener. (2) PT2, which contains 5% isobutyl methacrylate as a thickener, together with Ba nitrate and a small quantity of asphalt. (3) PTV, which is described as an improved oil and metal incendiary mixt composed of 5% poly butadiene, 6% Na nitrate, 28% Mg, and a trace of p-aminophenol in 60% gasoline (Ref 5)... 

Very frequently an incendiary effect follows the explosion, setting fire to the debris, especially if gasoline, oil, or metals are used as the secondary explosion material. 

Poly(trimethyleneterephthalate) (PTT) PTV (oil-metal incendiary mixture), 5 827 p-type (positive) silicon, 23 35 p-type dopants... 

PT1 A complex mixt based on "goop , a paste comprised of magnesium oxide, and carbon with.a sufficient amt of petroleum distillate to form the paste. The following formula has been adopted as an oil metal incendiary mix Type C "goop 49> IM polymer AE 3 coarse Mg 10, petroleum oil extract 3, gasoline 30 NaNC>3 5% [Ref TM 3-215/AFM 355-7 (Dec 1963), P 43]... 

Harrison Powders (1860). A mining expl consisting of potassium chlorate 70, starch 10, carbon 10 sulfur 10%. An army incendiary mixt was composed of KC103 65, starch 6, carbon 6, sulfur 12, licopodio 2, tar oil charcoal dust 3%. A patent of 1862 reported an expl consisting of KC103 or NaC103 56, K ferrocyanide 28, starch 4, sulfur 7 charcoal 5%... 

I. M. Filling. Jellied gasoline filling developed during WWII by Standard Oil Co and used for filling incendiary bombs isobutyl methacrylate polymer 5.0, fatty acids, such as stearic acid,... 

Bows and arrows were also used for throwing incendiary missiles. The earliest account of incendiary warfare may be found in the Bible, where mention is made of burning oil and ignited fireballs, consisting of resin and straw, that were thrown by both defenders and attackers of fortified towns. The Bible also mentions (Judges 15, 3-5) that Samson used foxes with firebrands attached to their tails to burn cornfields of the Philistines... 

Beside the Bible, the first reliable record of incendiary mixtures was given by the Greek tactician Aeneas, who, at about 350 BC, compiled the. first European treatise on the art of war. He listed sulfur, pitch, pinewood, incense and tow as principal incendiary ingredients Seven centuries later (AD 350), Vegetius, a Roman military authority, added resin, bitumen and petroleum oils to this list which indicates a significant advance in incendiary technique All of these mixtures, however, were of low efficiency because they burned quickly and could easily be extinguished with water... 

The French developed an incendiary can, for throwing into trenches or dugouts, containing about 3 liters of petroleum oil and weighing about 7 lbs. It was provided with a friction igniting and exploding device... 

A 50 lb scatter-type bomb developed by the US is identical with the intensive type as far as outside dimensions are concerned. Incendiary material to be scattered consists of either cotton-waste balls impregnated with inflammable materials, such as turpentine or CS2, or gelled oil held in small celluloid containers. When the bomb lands, ignition and ejection of the units are effected by an explosion of Black Powder in the nose... 

The second type, intended for use against buildings, contained a thermite-gelled oil mixture as an incendiary. This bomb had sufficient penetrating power to pierce a roof... 

---