INADEQUATE resolved

If the chromatogram is inadequately resolved, then various means can be employed to improve the situation ... 

In gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry a procedure has been given, how to separate the inadequate resolved peaks [7,8]. It is remarkable that the mass spectra of the individual peaks that are overlapping need not to be known. Such a procedure is only possible, because in a mass spectrum of an individual compound there is so much information inside. The mass spectrum in a gas chromatographic peak is, for each mass number, the sum of the concentration of each individual compound, weighted by the relative intensity of the respective mass number and the relative amount of the respective compound. In the procedure, a normalized mass spectrum is constructed as a vector with the relative intensities of the mass numbers. Here it is necessary that the number of the mass numbers constituting a compound is equal for each compound, i.e., all the vectors should have the same dimension. Because of the formalism of the matrix multiplication, the overlapped spectrum is the product of the matrix of the spectra and the concentration vector. The overlapped spectrum is also addressed as matrix of the observable intensities... 

As the value of the harmonic frequency increases, the corresponding stress amplitude decreases, resulting, eventually, in an inadequately resolved waveform. To overcome this, a torque multiplying factor is introduced which scales the fundamental torque amplitude to an adequately resolvable level. Usually an... 

FIGURE 5 Illustration of the aliasing of an inadequately resolved short-wave into a longer wavelength feature. 

The NMR techniques discussed so far provide information about proton-proton interactions (e.g., COSY, NOESY, SECSY, 2D y-resolved), or they allow the correlation of protons with carbons or other hetero atoms (e.g., hetero COSY, COLOC, hetero /resolved). The resulting information is very useful for structure elucidation, but it does not reveal the carbon framework of the organic molecule directly. One interesting 2D NMR experiment, INADEQUATE (Incredible Natural Abundance Double Quantum Transfer Experiment), allows the entire carbon skeleton to be deduced directly via the measurement of C- C couplings. 

It is not surprising that a DA antagonist (especially those acting primarily on Di receptors) should produce the symptoms of Parkinsonism, a disorder caused by inadequate DA function (see Chapter 15), nor that its intensity or rate of onset over some weeks or months should increase with Dj antagonistic potency. Tolerance to this adverse effect can develop without affecting antipsychotic activity but the speed with which Parkinsonism resolves after stopping therapy may be from 3 to 12 months and can persist indefinitely in some cases. 

The fundamental problem is that statistical methods, only, are inadequate tools in trying to determine whether a small increase in radiation affects cancer rates. Any effect is likely to be lost against the natural variation in the disease. Once more infbrmation becomes available about the mechanism by which radioactivity causes cancerous growth, it may become easier to resolve this issue, but there is little indication when this might happen. 

In 2006, Milosavljevic and co-workers64 reported a study of the complete 4H and 13C NMR assignment of a new triterpenoid saponin, leucantho-side-A (13), from Cephalaria leucantha L. In the course of determining the structure and assigning the spectra, the authors made extensive use of the normal ensemble of 2D NMR experiments in use for the characterization of natural product structures HSQC, HMBC, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, and NOESY. The authors supplemented the aforementioned list of experiments with 2D /-resolved, DINE-(Double INEPT-Edited)-HSQC, and INADEQUATE spectra. The authors made no mention of the use of the connectivity information derived from the 1,1-ADEQUATE spectrum in the assembly of the triterpene nucleus of the molecule but reported extensive tabulations of the 1,1-ADEQUATE correlations that were used to sequence and assign the saccharide resonances of the tri- and di-saccharide sub-units, 14 and 15, respectively, linked to the triterpene nucleus. 

Originally, the reactor failed due to stress corrosion cracking from nitrates. The source of the nitrates was water sprayed from an external hose used for supplemental cooling. The inadequate cooling capacity was resolved with a less than adequate technical solution that caused unexpected and unwanted consequences. Management of change was not properly applied. 

Therapy with leucovorin/5-FU must not be initiated or continued in patients who have symptoms of Gl toxicity of any severity, until those symptoms have completely resolved. Patients with diarrhea must be monitored with particular care until the diarrhea has resolved, as rapid clinical deterioration leading to death can occur. Methotrexate concentrations Monitoring of the serum methotrexate concentration is essential in determining the optimal dose and duration of treatment with leucovorin. Delayed methotrexate excretion may be caused by a third space fluid accumulation, renal insufficiency, or inadequate hydration. Under such circumstances, higher doses of leucovorin or prolonged administration may be indicated. Doses higher than those recommended for oral use must be given IV. 

Doses The initial listed doses of the reconstituted botulinum toxin type A typically create paralysis of injected muscles beginning 1 to 2 days after injection and increasing in intensity during the first week. The paralysis lasts for 2 to 6 weeks and gradually resolves over a similar time period. Overcorrections lasting over 6 months have been rare. Approximately one half of patients will require subsequent doses because of inadequate paralytic response of the muscle to the initial dose, or mechanical factors such as large deviations or restrictions, or the lack of binocular motor fusion to stabilize the alignment. 

There are of course many mathematically complex ways to perform a risk assessment, but first key questions about the biological data must be resolved. The most sensitive endpoint must be defined along with relevant toxicity and dose-response data. A standard risk assessment approach that is often used is the so-called divide by 10 rule . Dividing the dose by 10 applies a safety factor to ensure that even the most sensitive individuals are protected. Animal studies are typically used to establish a dose-response curve and the most sensitive endpoint. From the dose-response curve a NOAEL dose or no observed adverse effect level is derived. This is the dose at which there appears to be no adverse effects in the animal studies at a particular endpoint, which could be cancer, liver damage, or a neuro-behavioral effect. This dose is then divided by 10 if the animal data are in any way thought to be inadequate. For example, there may be a great deal of variability, or there were adverse effects at the lowest dose, or there were only tests of short-term exposure to the chemical. An additional factor of 10 is used when extrapolating from animals to humans. Last, a factor of 10 is used to account for variability in the human population or to account for sensitive individuals such as children or the elderly. The final number is the reference dose (RfD) or acceptable daily intake (ADI). This process is summarized below. 

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