In vivo engineering

In Vivo Engineering. In vivo engineering is the family of techniques that involves creating engineered cellular cultures or tissues within the host s body. It involves the use of chemicals to alter cellular function and the use of synthetic materials that interact with the host s body to stimulate or direct cellular growth. 

Shastri, V.P. In vivo engineering of tissues biological considerations, cheillenges, strategies, and future directions. Adv. Mater. 21, 3246-3254 (2009)... 

While the mechanical performance of artificial materials in the human body can be predicted with some rehabihty, forecasting their biological performance is difficnlt. The problem of interactions at surfaces has already been mentioned. Research frontiers also include developing ways to simulate in vivo processes in vitro and extending the power and apphcability of such simulations to allow for better prediction of the performance of biomedical materials and devices in the patient. Fundamental information on the correlation between the in vivo and in vitro responses is limited. Chemical engineers might also make contribntions to the problem of noninvasive monitoring of implanted materials. 

Matsumura G, Miyagawa-Tomita S, Shin Oka T, Ikada Y, and Kurosawa H. First evidence that bone marrow cells contribute to the construction of tissue-engineered vascular autografts in vivo. Circulation, 2003, 108, 1729-1734. 

Sodian R, Hoerstrup SP, Sperling JS, Daebritz S, Martin DP, Moran AM, Kim BS, Schoen FJ, Vacanti JP, and Mayer JE. Early In. vivo experience with tissue-engineered trileaflet heart valves. Circulation, 2000, 102(111), 22-29. 

Opitz F, Schenke-Layland K, Cohnert TU, Starcher B, Halbhuber KJ, Martin DP, and StockUA. Tissue engineering of aortic tissue Dire consequence of suboptitnal elastic fiber synthesis in vivo. Cardiovasc Res, 2004, 63, 719-730. 

Andersen ME, Krishman K. 1994. Relating in vitro to in vivo exposures with physiologically-based tissue dosimetry and tissue response models. In H. Salem, ed. Current concepts and approaches on animal test alternatives. U.S. Army Chemical Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. 

NMOR is a potent hepatocarcinogen in the rat and induces tracheal and nasal cavity tumors in the Syrian golden hamster (43, 44, 45). It is formed readily from nitrite and morpholine in vitro and administration of these precursors to rodents causes tumors indicative of NMOR formation in vivo (44, 55, 56), NMOR has been detected in crankcase emissions of diesel engines and in factories engaged in rubber and tire manufacturing (57, 58). 

Because Mu integrates at a wide variety of host sites, it can be used to induce mutants at many locations. Also, Mu can be used to carry into the cell genes that have been derived from other host cells, a form of in vivo genetic engineering. In addition, modified Mu phage have been made artificially in which some of the harmful functions... 

Despite the higher selectivity of enzymatic methyl transfer over chemical methylation, where toxic or hazardous reagents are often employed, such as methyl sulfonate and diazomethane, the synthetic applications of these enzymes have been largely ignored primarily as a result of high costs associated with the cofactor SAM. Recent efforts have been directed to in vivo methylation, where SAM may be regenerated inside cells. For example, methyl benzoate production was engineered in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in vivo... 

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