Absorption in vitro

In vitro absorption-spectrophotometry techniques are available to assess a sunscreen s efficacy, but the preferred methods are in vivo procedures in which a small body site is irradiated with the desired wavelengths for different periods in the presence or absence of a uv protectant. Procedures vary from country to country to determine the incremental timing of the exposure that ultimately allows quantification via sun protective factor (SPE). In the United States, sunscreen preparations are considered OTC dmg products, and the SPE must be specified (54). Even in countries that do not identify these products as dmgs, SPE labeling has become customary. 

Compound optimization in early- and late-phase drug discovery is covered, emphasizing physicochemical properties, in vitro absorption, metabolism and in vivo animal pharmacokinetic methodologies. 

Ward RJ (2003) Dioctyltin dichioride In vitro absorption through human and rat epidermis. Central Toxicology Laboratory,... 

Ciba-Geigy Ltd. 1985. In vitro absorption through human epidermis of Reofos 50 and Reolube with cover letter dated October 16, 1985. EPA/OTS Public Files. NTIS OTS0512802. 

Bress WC, Bidanset JH. 1991. Percutaneous in vivo and in vitro absorption of lead. Vet Hum Toxicol 33 212-214. 

Ungell, A.-L., In vitro absorption studies and their relevance to absorption from the GI tract, Drug Dev. Indust. Pharmacy 1997, 23, 879-892. 

The pharmacokinetics of nalidixic and hydroxy-nalidixic acids have been studied by several different groups. Takasugi ejt al studied in-situ and in-vitro absorption of nalidixic acid from the gastrointestinal tracts of rats as a function of pH. They reported that the absorption of non-ionized nalidixic acid was faster than the ionized form, with the maximum absorption rate constant found when the drug was administered from a pH=3 buffer solution. The absorption in-sltu was found to be ten times the rate in-vitro, but this was dependent on several factors.(13)... 

Figure 8 Scheme of in vitro absorption model according to Strieker. Source From Ref. 28. 

Berggren S, Hoogstraate J, Fagerholm U and Lennernas H (2004) Characterization of Jejunal Absorption and Apical Efflux of Ropivacaine, Lidocaine and Bupivacaine in the Rat Using In Situ and In Vitro Absorption Models. Eur J Pharm Sci 21 pp 553-560. 

Keywords Buccal Mucosa In vitro Absorption Permeability Culture... 

Table 3. In Vitro Absorption (pH 7.27 buffer, 50 C) of Poly(i lactide) and 95/5 Poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) Braids...

Schwartz, H.E., Anzion, C.J.M., Van Vliet, H.P.M., Copius-Peereboom, J.W. Brinkman, U.A.T. (1979) Analysis of phthalate in sediments from Dutch rivers by means of high performance liquid chromatography. Int. J. environ, anal. Chem., 6, 133-134 Scott, R.C., Dugard, P.H., Ramsey, J.D. Rhodes, C. (1987) In vitro absorption of some o-phthalate diesters through human and rat skin. Environ. Health Perspect, 74, 223-227 Shaffer, C.B., Carpenter, C.P Smyth, H.F., Jr (1945) Acute and subacute toxicity of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate with note upon its metabolism. J. ind. Hyg. Toxicol., 27, 130-135 Sharman, M., Read, W.A., Castle, L. Gilbert, J. (1994) Levels of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and total phthalate esters in milk, cream, butter and cheese. Eood Addit Contam., 11, 375-385... 

James, M., Moore, M., Plotzke, K., Segner, H., Schultz, I., Thomas, K., Vasiluk, L. and Weisbrod, A. (2007) Use of in vitro Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) data in bioaccumulation assessments for fish. Human Ecol Risk Assess, 13, 1164-1191. 

Scott RC, Dugard PH, Ramsey JD, et al. 1987. In vitro absorption of some o-phthalate diesters through human and rat skin. Environ Health Perspect 74 223-227. 

Figure 5.5.10-3 CR Composite of in-vitro absorption spectra and psychophysical responses. The discontinuous lines are in-vitro. No continuity was claimed between these two data sets although some variants of this figure show 11 -cis-retinal connected to curve C, the M-channel chromophore. See text. From Wolken, 1966...

Figure 5.5.10-3 CR Composite of in-vitro absorption spectra and psychophysical responses. 86...

Arts IC, Sesink AL, Faassen-Peters M, Hollman PC (2004) The type of sugar moiety is a major determinant of the small intestinal uptake and subsequent biliary excretion of dietary quercetin glycosides. Br J Nutr 91 841-847 Berggren S, Hoogstraate J, Fagerholm U, Lennemas H (2004) Characterization of jejunal absorption and apical efflux of ropivacaine, lidocaine and bupivacaine in the rat using in situ and in vitro absorption models. Eur J Pharm Sd 21 553-560... 

Lecce JG. 1966. In vitro absorption of gamma-globulin by neonatal intestinal epithelium of the pig. J Physiol (Lond) 184 594-604. 

Table III. In Vitro Absorption Studies of Manganese from Different Milk Diets...

Figure 9.1 In vitro absorption of testosterone through (a) human full-thickness skin membranes of approximately LOO mm thickness or (b) human epidermal membranes after 24 h exposure. Testosterone was applied at a dose of 15p,g/cm and each independent experiment was performed with four to six membranes obtained from the abdominal skin of one donor...

Murakami A., Kuwahara S., Takahashi Y., Ito C., Furukawa H., Ju-Ichi M., and Koshimizu K., In vitro absorption and metabolism of nobiletin, a chemopreventive polymethoxyflavonoid in citrus fruits, Biosci. Biotech. Biochem., 65, 194, 2001. Walle, U.K., Galijatovic, A., and Walle, T., Transport of the flavonoid chrysin and its conjugated metabolites by the human intestinal cell line Caco-2, Biochem. Pharmacol, 58, 431, 1999. 

Measuring Kinetic Parameters In Vitro Absorption and Specific Barriers... 

In vitro absorption studies (239, 251, 252) showed small but significant penetration of several organic sunscreens through the entire thickness of human skin. For example, 0.03% (251) and 0.4% (252) of octyl methoxycin-namate (18) were reported to be detected in... 

Table 3. Overview of the additives that have been proposed as solubility enhancers, to reduce adsorption and non-specific binding and/or to increase the biorelevance of in vitro absorption models. The table refers to the model used to evaluate the compatibility, the maximum tolerable concentration, the compartment in which the additive is included, the expected effect, the compounds tested in presence of the additive and the reference.

ADMET In vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and toxicology. 

Drinking water exposure was simulated by estimating nocturnal drinking patterns of rats as a continuous activity. For dermal exposure, the rate of 2-butoxyethanol absorption through the skin was also estimated and adjusted according to the in vitro absorption data of Bartnik et al. (1987). A factor was included for dermal metabolism to the 2-butoxyethanol-glucuronide. Inhalation exposure was estimated using the model of Ramsey and Andersen (1984) with a factor for nasal absorption (Dahl et al. 1991). Nasal absorption includes dissolution of the compound in the nasal mucous membrane upon inhalation, and vaporization and elimination from the membranes into expired air. Based on the work of Dahl et al. 

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