In Tolerances

Dynorphin may also influence nociception at the spinal level. The levels of prodynorphin mRNA and immunoreactive dynorphin increase in the chronic inflammatory arthritic model (158). Dynorphin also inhibits morphine or P-endorphin-induced analgesia in naive animals and enhances analgesia in tolerant animals, indicating that this peptide may have a regulatory role in opioid analgesia (159). This effect does not appear to be mediated by a classical opioid receptor, since des-tyrosine dynorphin, which does not bind to opioid receptors, also antagonizes morphine analgesia (160). 

Component reliability will vary as a function of the power of a dimensional variable in a stress function. Powers of dimensional variables greater than unity magnify the effect. For example, the equation for the polar moment of area for a circular shaft varies as the fourth power of the diameter. Other similar cases liable to dimensional variation effects include the radius of gyration, cross-sectional area and moment of inertia properties. Such variations affect stability, deflection, strains and angular twists as well as stresses levels (Haugen, 1980). It can be seen that variations in tolerance may be of importance for critical components which need to be designed to a high reliability (Bury, 1974). 

However, the data that are contributed to a generic failure rate data base are rarely for identical equipment and may represent many different circumstances. Generic data must be chosen carefully because aggregating generic and plant-specific data may not improve the statistical uncertainty associated with the final data point, owing to change in tolerance. 

Closest standard plate thickness to fabricate vessel is 0.50 in. with - 0.01 in. and + 0.02 in. tolerances at mill. 

HMW-HDPE high molecular weight-high JIT just-in-tolerance... 

This is an immunoglobulin fusion protein with the cytotoxic lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) receptor. By binding to CD80/86 on APCs it inhibits the CD28 costimulatory signal in lymphocytes. It is speculated that this can result in tolerance but up to now there is only experimental data [3,4]. 

Whereas imaging agents that can serve to detect molecular and cellular processes must in some way directly or indirectly participate in these processes or interact with components participating in the processes, the development of X-ray contrast agents led in the opposite direction Molecules displaying the least possible interaction with body constituents and processes were preferred because of advantages in tolerability [2]. 

The amphetaminesand anorexiants have abuse and addiction potential. Long-term use of amphetaminesfor obesity may result in tolerance to the drug and a tendency to increase the dose. Extreme psychological dependency may also occur. 

A more comprehensive review of the significance of these organic osmotica in the tolerance of plant cells to water stress can be found in a paper by Hasegawa et al. (1987). The significance of organic osmotica in tolerance processes of intact plant systems is discussed jn Chapters 7 and 8. 

Seiden, L.S. Fischman, M.W. and Schuster, C.R. Long-term methamphetamine induced changes in brain catecholamine in tolerant rhesus monkeys. Drug Alcohol Depend 1 215-219, 1975-76. 

The effect of orlistat in adolescent patients has been evaluated recently. In a group of 12- to 16-year-old individuals, orlistat (120 mg three times daily) in combination with diet, exercise, and behavior modification exhibited minimal weight increase after 1 year (0.53 kg) compared with placebo-treated patients (3.14 kg). Common adverse reactions observed were fatty or oily stools, oily spotting, oily evacuation, or abdominal pain and/or flatulence with bowel movements. Soft stools, nausea, increased defecation, and fecal incontinence also were noted. Orlistat may be better suited for prevention of weight gain in tolerant adolescents, but more studies are warranted before providing a solid recommendation.36... 

Bond rupture probabilities have also been reported by Myers and Munns (160) for hydrogenolysis reactions over a number of supported catalysts containing platinum in the range 0.1-1%. The reactions were carried out in the region of 350°-480°C. Provided one confines the comparison to nonacidic supports, these results are in tolerable agreement with the data in Table XI. 

Their common function is to hold the fibre and to align it with another identical size fibre with high repeatability in tolerances as close as possible (Figure 17). The main component of the connector is the ferrule made from... 

Yellen, A J., et al. Signaling through surface IgM in tolerance-susceptible immature murine B lymphocytes. Developmentally regulated differences in transmembrane signaling in splenic B cells from adult and neonatal mice, J Immunol., 146, 1446, 1991. 

Marleau, A.M. and Sarvetnick, N., T cell homeostasis in tolerance and immunity, J. Leukoc. 

Cells other than T lymphocytes also appear to be involved in tolerance induction. Depletion of macrophages inhibited tolerance induction and transfer studies with non-T cell fractions from tolerant animals was shown to confer tolerance to naive animals [29] Thus, tolerance induction by low doses of D-penicillamine appears to have a complex mechanism that includes various T cell subsets as well as non-T cells, that may be antigen presenting cells. 

In their studies of the flavoprotein inhibitor, DPI, Bennett and colleagues [91, 120] found that DPI inhibited GTN-induced accumulation of cGMP to the same extent in aortae from naive and from GTN-tolerant animals. They argued that, if inactivation of flavoproteins is a major cause of tolerance, then there should be less scope for further, DPI-induced inactivation in tolerant animals, compared with naive ones. Their conclusion, accordingly, was that, while flavoproteins may participate in biotransformation of organic nitrates and associated vasodilation, their alteration cannot be the basis for nitrate tolerance. 

The same group drew similar conclusions from their findings with mtALDH [99]. Cyanamide and propionaldehyde, respectively an inhibitor and a substrate of ALDH, were shown to diminish GTN-induced relaxation to the same extent in aortic tissue from tolerant and non-tolerant animals. They reasoned that inhibition of relaxation caused by cyanamide or propionaldehyde in tolerant aortae could not be via further inhibition of mtALDH and was more likely to result from non-specific inhibition of GTN-induced relaxation. 

Salvemini, D., Pistelli, A., Vane, J., Conversion of glyceryl trinitrate to nitric oxide in tolerant and... 

Tolerance to nitrates is defined as the reduction in hemodynamic effect or the requirement for higher doses to achieve a persistent effect with continuous use in the face of constant plasma concentrations [15]. Nitrate tolerance was first described for nitroglycerin in 1888 [36] it occurs with all organic nitrates, albeit to different extents. For reasons that are not understood, PETN appears to be the least susceptible to the development of tolerance. No, or much less, tolerance is observed with nitrite esters, such as amyl nitrite [37], molsidomine, and sodium nitroprusside. Earlier investigations suggested that a depletion of intracellular thiols is involved in tolerance development [17], but this has not been substantiated in later studies [38, 39]. As with organic nitrate bioactivation, the precise mechanism(s) involved in nitrate tolerance remain(s) unknown, but it is likely to be complex and multifactorial. Two principal... 

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