In modem agricultures

Alabouvette C, Backhouse D, Steinberg C, Donovan N J, Edel-Hermann V and Burgess L W (2004), Microbial diversity in soil - effects on crop health , in Schjpnning P, Elmholt S and Christensen B T, Managing Soil Quality - Challenges in Modem Agriculture, CAB International, Wallingford, 121-138. 

Because of the productivity demanded in modem agriculture to feed the millions of increasing world population, the use of different pesticides has become a necessity to contain a host of crop and household pests. A major benefit of pesticides is their ability to contain hosts of pests on commercial crops, food crops, lawn, and turf in and around household surroundings. Hop destruction by locust infestation in Africa is an example. Insecticides also are used for control of vector-bome diseases such as typhus and malaria. 

Like nitrates, phosphates are included in the indicative list of main pollutants (Water Framework Directive, 2000/60/EC) because of their contribution to eutrophication. Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for all plants and in modem agriculture this element has to be supplied to the crops as fertilizer. Wind erosion, surface mnoff and leaching constitute the main pathways for transport of phosphoms from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems. The process is accelerated by agriculture, animal husbandry and anthropogenic discharges. 

Chen, Y., and Stevenson. F. J. (1986). Soil organic matter interactions with trace elements. In The Role of Organic Matter in Modem Agriculture, ed. Chen, Y.. and Avnimelech, Y., Nijhoff, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 73-116. 

GE is a protracted process in areas where farmers are growing many numbers and types of varieties. Actually, it is easier to assess the loss of a variety in modem agriculture based on IVs in countries which are not at the centre of diversity than in a country such as Ethiopia at the centre of diversity. Besides, GE demands time series data, and it is very difficult to quantify the same in the centre of diversity. 

Anonymous (1988) Potash Its need and use in modem agriculture. Publ. Potash Phosphate Institute of Canada, Saskatoon, Canada. 

Haugen. M.S. and Brandth, B. (1994) Gender differences in modem agriculture, the case of women fanners in Norway. Gender d Society 8 (2), 206-229. 

Organophosphate (OP) pesticides have been extensively nsed as insecticides in modem agriculture, but their potential to prodnce nenrotoxicity in animals and humans have raised concerns about their potential adverse impact on both the environment and human health (1,2). Some OP compounds have... 

Urea and nitric acid production consume about 20% and 15% respectively. However, like most ammonia derivatives, these are predominantly used in fertilizers which, together with the uses of hydrocarbon fuels and electricity in farm machinery, contribute to a considerable consumption of fossil fuel resources in modem agriculture. Plastics and synthetic fibre outlets account for less than 15%, including the urea-formaldehyde (0-8 Mt in the U.S.A., higher in Europe) and melamine resins. 

Isman MB (2006) Botanical insecticides, deterrents and repellents in modem agriculture and an increasingly regulated world. Annu Rev Entomol 50 45-66... 

The extensive use of herbicides in modem agricultural and other activities has resulted in very great interest in the impact of these chemicals on the natural environment and its components. The number of ecological or ecologically related studies using radionuclide-labeled herbicides is considerably less than that of studies involving labeled insecticides such as described above. 

Pyrethroids are used in all regions of the world, on almost all crops and all types of pests because they are effective, used at very low dose rates, have a broad spectrum of action, low cost (since only a small amount of product is applied) and relative safety for operators and consumers. In addition, this class of pesticide will continue to offer substantial benefits in modem agriculture, especially in the major emerging markets, where the demand for low-cost solutions will remain strong (Housset and Dickman 2009 Wirtz et al. 2009). 

The essential role played by crop protection chemicals in modem agriculture and the positive inqiact they have on the world economy, the preservation of natural resources and the quality of life around the world, is often not well imderstood or recognized. 

The evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds due to repeated use of herbicides with the same site of action has become a challenge in modem agriculture. A different target-site herbicide can aid in the management of herbicide resistance by... 

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