In gestures

This review suggests a perhaps deceptively simple maxim use spatial elements and relations naturally. Naturalness is found in natural correspondences, figures of depiction, physical analogs, and spatial metaphors, derived from extensive human experience with the concrete world. It is revealed in language and in gesture as well as in a long history of graphic inventions. 

In terms of the external world, a stranger walks up to Sam and says. Hi, my name is Bill. Tor simplicity, we assume that this is all that happens of consequence in the external world, even though in everyday life such a message usually accompanied by other messages expressed in gestures and bodily... 

To cite a mine for violations that precipitated the accident, investigators must fit miners experiences and observations into categories of risk defined by the Mine Act. They must create a coherent narrative that captures the complexity of events, decisions, and conditions prior to the accident. And they must transform miners embodied experiences of risk (underground and inside of the spaces they describe) into the language and viewpoint of engineers—above and outside of the experiences they describe. As we shall see in chapters 4-8, investigators draw important information from miners accounts of local experiences, but they do not always systematically represent information encoded in gesture or a speaker s tone and body movements. 

Expert miners gesture more frequently on average than novice miners and use more gestures in which they use their entire bodies to portray a character in their narratives Gesture thus provides additional information about the spatial and temporal dimensions of risk—information not available in speech alone. The knowledge embodied in gesture may become invisible, however, if writers transcribe only the speech portion of oral testimony as evidence in scientific and te nical accounts of the disaster. 

Recent research in psychology shows that speakers can express two different viewpoints in gesture-—reenacting events as characters in their narrative (character viewpoint) or representing events as an observer (observer view-p(hnt). This chapter extends previous rhetorical and psychological studies of gesture in order to understand how speakers use gesture rhetorically when they represent their experiences of risk. 

One surprising finding of this analysis is that speakers can describe two distinct viewpoints simultaneously—t)ne in speech and one in gesture. (One ex-... 

Sauer Palmer, 1999. Efron s (1941) early research in gesture suggested that culture influenced the production of gestute. My own research suggests that minets who share a common material culture may employ similar gestures to represent similar objects and situations, kltaf, 1991, p. 4. 

Mimetic Viewpoint in gesture (Mimetic Other) Miner depicts her sister holding the roof bolt. The audience observes what the miner saw—her sister s embodied fear."... 

Mimetic viewpoint in gesture (Imitating geography). Mimetic viewpoint in speech (Imitating self). E5 repeats ge.sture pulling strata together. Her hands imitate the strata. 

Mimetic viewpoint in gesture (imitating geogre y). Analytic viewpoint in speech analytic perspective). Hands come together again, palms flat. E5 s hands imitate (a second time) the strata as it pulls together under the force of the nxjf bolt. Her speech explains the action that she depicts with her hands. 

Manual Communication The Negotiation of Meaning Embodied in Gesture... 

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