In flaming combustion

Flame combustion calorimetry in oxygen is used to measure the enthalpies of combustion of gases and volatile liquids at constant pressure [54,90]. Some highly volatile liquids (e.g., n-pentane [91]) have also been successfully studied by static-bomb combustion calorimetry. In general, however, the latter technique is much more difficult to apply to these substances than flame combustion calorimetry. In bomb combustion calorimetry, the sample is burned in the liquid state and must be enclosed in a container prior to combustion. Encapsulation may be difficult, because it is necessary to minimize the amount of vaporized compound inside the container as much as possible. In addition, volatile liquids tend to burn violently under a pressure of 3.04 MPa of oxygen, which leads to incomplete combustion. These problems are avoided in flame combustion calorimetry, where the sample is carried to the combustion zone as a vapor and burned under controlled conditions at atmospheric pressure. 

Hastie, J. W. Mass spectrometric studies of flame inhibition Analysis of antimony trihalides in flames, Combustion and Flame, 1973, 21, 49-54. 

Fox, J. S. and Bertrand, C. Measurement of local saturation current in flames, Combustion and Flame 43,1981,317-320... 

In the scientific literature the question of the role of oxygen in condensed phase decomposition during fire has been discussed repeatedly. Currently, it is assumed that polymer decomposition in flaming combustion is purely thermal. This assumption is based on the analysis and a comparison of the decomposition rates during combustion under various conditions simulating real heating rates in fires... 

In flaming combustions most chlorine mass is found in fine particles which might de due to uptake of HCl iDy the particles. 

The OH, together with H and O, are some of the most important free radicals in flame combustion pro-... 

Sato, A., Hashiba, K., Hasatani, M., Sugiyama, S., and Kimura, J. "A Correctional Calculation Method for Thermocouple Measurements of Temperatures in Flames." Combustion and Flame 24 (1975) 35-41. 

I then decided to concentrate on oxidation catalysts for industrial achievement and keep informed on the developments of biochemistry. I knew that industrial catalysts could easily oxidize air-fuel mixtures to carbon dioxide and water disregarding factors in flame combustion such... 

C. K. Westbrook and F. L. Dryer. Simplified reaction mechanisms for the oxidation of hydrocarbon fuels in flames. Combust. Sci. TechnoL, 27 31 5, 1981. 

Concentrations of liquids in solutions Concentratious of gases in mixtures Temperature measurements in gases Measurements in flames, combustion diagnostics Interference of nonlinear susceptibilities Time-resolved measurements Lifetimes, dephasing times CARS background suppression... 

Heat capacity Cp = (dH/dT)p A/Z/AT AH = quantity of heat per mass unit, AT temperature increase. Enthalpy of combustion AHc. amount of enthalpy released in flaming combustion per unit mass of the polymer. 

Fig. 13. Representative heat release rate histories in flaming combustion for thick and thin samples of charring and noncharring polsmiers.

Average heat release rate in flaming combustion versus char yield of polymers. 

The heat release rate in flaming combustion, HRR, is the amount of heat Q released by gas phase combustion of unit mass of fuel m, released by pyrolysis per unit time t, and per unit area of burning surface, S. A simple dimensional analysis... 

Wang YL, Lee DJ, Westbrook CK, Egolfopoulos FN, TsotsisTT. Oxidation of small alkyl esters in flames. Combust Flame. March 2014 161 810-817. 

Possible flaming mechanisms of frame-retardant PP composites are shown in Figure 3. Flame-retardant might be adsorbed onto talc surface, because talc and flame-retardant were in base and acid, respectively. Total surface area of talc increased when talc content was increased or smaller talc was incorporated. Hence, more flame retardant was adsorbed onto talc and the flame-retardancy decreased, when large amount of talc or smaller talc was blended. Another possible explanation is that talc plays role of acceleration of diffusion to combustible gas. PP is melting phase like wax in flaming combustion. Hence, talc can act as wick of candle. A candle is noncombustible if it doesn t have a wick. 

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