In fish blood

Schmitt, C.J., M.L. Wildhaber, J.B. Hunn, T. Nash, M.N. Tieger, and B.L. Steadman. 1993. Biomonitoring of lead-contaminated Missouri streams with an assay for erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in fish blood. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 25 464-475. 

Soldatov, A.A. and Maslova, M.N. (1989). Methaemoglobin concentration in fish blood over the annual cycle (In Russian). Zhumal Evolutionnoy Biokhimii i Physiologii 25,454-459. 

Theodorakis, C.W., D Sumey, S.J. and Shugart, L.R. (1994) Detection of genotoxic insult as DNA strand breaks in fish blood cells by agarose gel electrophoresis. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 13, 1023-1031. 

Brown, D.G., R.P. Lanno, M.R. Van Den Heuvel and D.G. Dixon. HPLC determination of plasma thiocyanate concentrations in fish blood application to laboratory pharmacokinetic and field-monitoring studies. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 30 302-308, 1995. 

Urea occurs in the urine of all mammals and in small quantities in the blood of mammals and fish (see urea cycle). 

A unique family of O-linked glycoproteins permits fish to live in the icy seawater of the Arctic and Antarctic regions where water temperature may reach as low as — 1.9°C. Antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) are found in the blood of nearly all Antarctic fish and at least five Arctic fish. These glycoproteins have the peptide structure... 

McKim, J.M., G.M. Christensen, and E.P. Hunt. 1970. Changes in the blood of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) after short-term and long-term exposure to copper. Jour. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 27 1883-1889. 

Chlordane levels in human blood were comparatively elevated among individuals living in residences treated with chlordane during the past 5 years, and in termite control operators. Oxychlordane levels were usually significantly higher than /ra/u-nonachlor, except among those who consumed large quantities of fish (Wariishi et al. 1986 Wariishi and Nishiyama 1989). 

Proposed criteria for human health protection include drinking water concentrations less than 50 pg Mo/L, and daily dietary intakes less than 7 pg Mo/kg food — based on a 70-kg adult (Table 30.5). Molybdenum concentrations in blood of healthy people averaged 14.7 pg Mo/L, distributed between the plasma and erythrocytes. Anemic people had significantly lower blood molybdenum levels. In leukemia patients, molybdenum levels increased significantly in whole blood and erythrocytes but not in plasma (Shamberger 1979). Additional work is recommended on the use of blood in fish and wildlife as an indicator of molybdenum stress and metabolism (Eisler 1989). 

Distinguishing between adsorption on to the cell surface and the actual transfer across the cell membrane into the cell may be difficult, since both processes are very fast (a few seconds or less). For fish gills, this is further complicated by the need to confirm transcellular solute transport (or its absence) by measuring the appearance of solutes in the blood over seconds or a few minutes. At such short time intervals, apparent blood solute concentrations are not at equilibrium with those in the entire extracellular space, and will need correcting for plasma volume and circulation time in relation to the time taken to collect the blood sample [30]. Nonetheless, Handy and Eddy [30] developed a series of rapid solution dipping experiments to estimate radiolabelled Na+... 

Selenium lessens the toxicity of divalent mercury in animals, the protection being less at continuous mercury exposure. Selenium has been found to affect the distribution of mercuric mercury in mice [134], rats [135], rabbits [136, 137] and pigs [ 138]. Mercury forms a mercury-selenium protein complex with selenium with little biological activity [139]. Mercury is thus retained longer in the blood, liver and spleen and as a consequence lessens accumulation in the kidney. In fish, selenium pretreatment probably retarded mercury uptake rather than promoting mercury excretion [140]. 

Table III summarizes the results of tissue residue analysis. It is evident that the amount of radioactivity in tissues was not directly related to the length of chemical exposure. The average accumulation in fish exposed from 1 to 14 days was 1.35%. In general, liver, kidney, intestine, and bile contained the most 1 C. C-labeled materials accumulated in the liver at levels 3 to 5 times greater than [111C]molinate concentration in the water. The maximum radiocarbon level in the bile was 14.5 ppm and was reached by the 7th day. On the 14th day, the radiocarbon decreased to 6.09 ppm which was 30-fold higher than the [ 1 C]molinate water concentration. Blood contained negligible amounts of radioactivity, and little of that was associated with the plasma. Twenty percent of total blood radioactivity was detected in the erythrocytes within 4 days after treatment and by the 14th day, 69% of the radiocarbon in whole blood was present in the erythrocytes.

Hunn, J. B. Dynamics of MS-222 in the blood and brain of freshwater fishes during anesthesia. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Invest. Fish Control (1970), 42, 8 pp. 

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