In Amazonia

The canopy effect, carbon isotope ratios and foodwebs in Amazonia. Journal of... 

Van der Merwe, NJ. and Medina, E. 1991 The canopy effect, carbon isotope ratios and foodwebs in Amazonia. Journal of Archaeological Science 18 249-259. 

Porvari P. 1995. Mercury levels of fish in Tucumi hydroelectric reservoir and in River Mojn in Amazonia, in the state of Para, Brazil. Sci Total Environ 175 109-117. 

Freyssinet, P. Farah, A.S. 2000. Geochemical mass balance and weathering rates of ultramafic schists in Amazonia. Chemical Geology, 170, 133-151. 

Radzi bin Abas, M., B. R. T. Sinioneit, V. Elias, J. A. Cabral, and J. N. Cardoso, Composition of Higher Molecular Weight Organic Matter in Smoke Aerosol from Biomass Combustion in Amazonia, Chemosphere, 30, 995-1015 (1995). 

Martius, C. (1992) Food provisioon storing by xylophagous termites in Amazonia (Isoptera Nasutitermitidae). Entomol. Gener. 17, 269-276. 

Raffles, Hugh. 2002. In Amazonia A Natural History. Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press. 

Dufour, D.L. (1994) Cassava in Amazonia lessons in utilization and safety from native people. Acta Horticulture, 375,175-82. 

A better understanding of rainfall variability and its mechanisms in Amazonia requires a clear documentation of the major elements of the warm season precipitation regime, within the context of the annual cycle, and longer time scale variations such as interannual and interdecadal. Rainfall variability in Amazonia has been the subject of several studies regarding physical causes, seasonal variations, and links to the Southern Oscillation (SO), and to SST conditions in the tropical Atlantic (see reviews in Ropelewski... 

Figure 2J2 Annual rainfall distribution in Amazonia [meters] (Marengo 1995b).

Figure 23 Annual cycle of rainfall in Amazonia (Marengo and Hastenrath 1993)- Scale is indicated on the lower left side.

Figure 2.5 Rainfall and river variability in Amazonia, (a) Rainfall in the northern Amazonia, (expressed by the NAR index, Marengo [1992]), (b) discharges of the Amazon River at Obidos, (c) Solimoes river at Manacapum, (d) Tapajoz River at Santarem, (e) Tapajos River at Itauituba (Marengo and Hastenrath 1993).

Figure 2.7 Variations of river dischaige/level in Amazonia during 2 El Nino (EN) and La Nina (NN) events (Marengo et al. 1998b).

Table 2.2 Estimates of water vapor in Amazonia during the ABLE-2B experiment.

Long-Term Climate Variability and Change in Amazonia... 

Previous studies have considered the long-term variability of precipitation in Amazonia, either based on records at individual stations, several stations with short time series (Rocha et al. 1989, Marengo 1992, Dias de Paiva and Clarke 1995, Chu et al. 

Previous modeling studies with GCMs have suggested that large-scale changes in Amazonia land surface cover may affect the regional climate. Sensitivity studies with these models have shown that realistic descriptions of the land surface are critical to these results. For example, the predicted climatic effects of large-scale deforestation... 

The tropical Adantic is the main source of moisture for the Amazon via the tradewinds, and the intensity and timing of this transport is dependent on the interannual variability of tropical Atlantic circulation and SST meridional gradients. Furthermore, signals of the tropical Pacific in Amazonia are observed... 

On longer time scales, no unidirectional tendencies in rainfall and rivers have been found in Amazonia, as one would expect from Increased deforestation in the basin and as is predicted by model... 

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