Canopy effects

The canopy effect, carbon isotope ratios and foodwebs in Amazonia. Journal of... 

Van der Merwe, NJ. and Medina, E. 1991 The canopy effect, carbon isotope ratios and foodwebs in Amazonia. Journal of Archaeological Science 18 249-259. 

Simulating urban canopy effects in urban-scale NWP and meso-meteorological models can be considered with the following two main approaches (Baklanov et al., 2005 [38]) ... 

In fact, it is the solar effect that is causing the maximum heat. The factors considered for the solar effect are also highly conservative. Nevertheless, a canopy over the outdoor part is advisable in the above case. This will ensure the same size of enclosure for the outdoor as well as the indoor parts and also eliminate the requirement for a thicker enclosure or a forced cooling arrangement. Now there will be no direct solar radiation over the bus system and the total solar effect can be eliminated, except for substituting the indoor ambient temperature of 48 C with the maximum outdoor temperature for the outdoor part of the bus system. 

Cronan, C. S. (1984). Biogeochemical responses of forest canopies to acid precipitation. In "Direct and Indirect Effects of Acidic Deposition on Vegetation" (R. A. Linthurst, ed.), pp. 65-79. Butterworth, Boston, MA. 

Martinat, P.J., C.C. Coffman, K. Dodge, R.J. Cooper, and R.C. Whitmore. 1988. Effect of diflubenzuron on the canopy arthropod community in a central Appalachian forest. Jour. Econ. Entomol. 81 261-267. 

Bischof K, Peralta G, Krabs G, van de Poll WH, Perez-Llorens JL, Breeman AM (2002) Effects of solar UV-B radiation on canopy structure of Ulva communities from Southern Spain. J Exp Bot 53 2411-2421... 

Apart from the economic significance of such loss there are potentially adverse effects on the environment arising from acidification of rain and soil. Ammonia may react with hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere to produce NOx contributing to the acidification of rain (4). Wet and dry deposition of NH3/NH4+ inevitably contributes to soil acidification through their subsequent nitrification. This effect can be accentuated in woodland by absorption of aerosols containing NH4+ within the canopy followed by transport to the soil in stem flow (5). In more extreme cases, NH3 emission from feedlots, pig and poultry... 

Under submerged conditions, temperatures in the soil and water depend on the depth of the water and on the density of the plant canopy, as well as on meteorological conditions. The water transmits incident short-wave radiation to the soil but it also insulates the soil against emission of long wave radiation. The full plant canopy transmits 90 % of the short-wave infrared radiation (i.e. half the total short-wave). Hence there is a greenhouse effect and consequently the soil and water temperatures tend to be higher than the air temperature. Evaporative cooling reduces the surface water temperature and drives convection currents, so the water tends to be well mixed. 

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