Southern Oscillation

Periodic climatic events such as the El Nino/Southern Oscillation events produce detectable changes in both vegetation dynamics and in atmospheric CO2 concentration 37, 88). Evidence from ratios in atmospheric CO2... 

The El-Niho southern oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon is an interannual perturbation of the climate system characterized by a periodic weakening of the trade winds and... 

Philander, S. G. (1990). El Nino, La Nina and the Southern Oscillation." Academic Press, San Diego. 

Bacastow, R. B. (1976). Modulation of atmospheric carbon dioxide by the Southern Oscillation, Nature 261,116-118. 

William Menke. Geophysical Data Analysis Discrete Inverse Theory, Revised Edition. 1989 S. George Philander. El Nino, La Nina, and the Southern Oscillation. 1990 Robert A. Brown. Fluid Mechanics of the Atmosphere. 

Cole JE, Fairbanks RG (1990) The southern oscillation recorded in the 8180 of corals from Tarawa atoU. Paleoceanography 5 669-683... 

Cole JE, Fairbanks RG, Shen GT (1993) The spectrum of recent variability in the southern oscillation results from a Tarawa atoll. Science 260 1790-1793 Coleman ML, Moore MP (1978) Direct reduction of sulfates to sulfur dioxide for isotope analysis. Anal Chem 50 1594-1595... 

In addition, there is an obseived correlation between total column ozone and the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the tropical troposphere, with decreases in total ozone in middle and sometimes polar latitudes following the ENSO by several months the period associated with the ENSO is 43 months (Zerefos et al., 1992). While the association between the ENSO and ozone is not well understood, it has been proposed that the warming of the troposphere in the tropics over the Pacific Ocean causes increases in the upper troposphere air temperatures and tropopause height and an upwelling in the lower stratosphere. If sufficiently large, this could have more widespread impact than just in the tropics (e.g., see Zerefos et al., 1992 and Kalicharran et al., 1993). 

Zerefos, C. S., A. F. Bais, I. C. Ziomas, and R. D. Bojkov, On the Relative Importance of Quasi-Biennial Oscillation and El Nino/Southern Oscillation in the Revised Dobson Total Ozone Records, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 10135-10144 (1992). 

Enfield, D. B., and D. A. Mayer, Tropical Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature Variability and Its Relation to El Nino-Southern Oscillation, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 929-945 (1997). 

El Nino/Southern Oscillation (in view of a wide range of frequencies this event cannot be considered quasi-periodic). 

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