Implants nickel

Frank RC, Sucharitsopit PD, Adolphi NL, Baker JE, Baldo P, Rehn LE (1988) A SIMS study of the filling of traps for deuterium in krypton-implanted nickel. Scripta Metall 22 457-461. doi 10.1016/0036-9748(88)90005-l... 

Local sarcomas may develop in humans and domestic animals at sites of nickel implants and prostheses made of nickel. Latency of the implant sarcomas varies from 1 to 30 years in humans (mean, 10 years) and from 1 to 11 years in dogs (mean, 5 years). No cases of malignant tumors are reported at sites of dental nickel prostheses (Kasprzak 1987). 

In doses of 1.2 mg Ni/kg and up to 20 mg Ni/kg, nickel chloride caused increased resorption rates and a number of malformations in murine foetuses, specific to the foetal skeletal system, as shown by atomic absorption [425]. It was believed that nickel chloride might influence embryos during the passage through the oviduct, with subsequent effect on the development after implantation [426]. Preimplantation mouse embryos have also been used to investigate toxic effects of nickel chloride on early embryo development in vitro, and a dose-dependent effect has been found [427]. 

The lag between the time that nitinol, was first produced and the time it was used commercially in medical devices was due in part to the fear that nickel would leach from the metal and not be tolerable as a human implant. As it turns out, with a correct understanding of the surface electrochemistry and subsequent processing, a passivating surface layer can be induced by an anodizing process to form on the nitinol surface. It is comprised of titanium oxide approximately 20 mn thick. This layer actually acts as a barrier to prevent the electrochemical corrosion of the nitinol itself. Without an appreciation for the electrochemistry at its surface, nitinol would not be an FDA-approved biocompatible metal and an entire generation of medical devices would not have evolved. This is really a tribute to the understanding of surface electrochemistry within the context of implanted medical devices. 

Nickel-containing alloys are used in patients in joint prostheses, sutures, clips, and screws for fractured bones. Corrosion of these implants may lead to elevated nickel levels in the surrounding tissue and to the release of nickel into extracellular fluid (lARC 1990 Sunderman 1989a Sunderman et al. 1986, 1989c). Serum albumin solutions used for intravenous infusion fluids have been reported to contain as... 

Nickel ammonium sulfate (see Nickel and nickel compounds) Nickel and nickel compounds (see also Implants, surgical)... 

The elements of groups 3 through 12 are all metals that do not form alkaline solutions with water. These metals tend to be harder than the alkali metals and less reactive with water hence they are used for structural purposes. Collectively they are known as the transition metals, a name that denotes their central position in the periodic table. The transition metals include some of the most familiar and important elements—iron, Fe copper, Cu nickel, Ni chromium, Cr silver, Ag and gold, Au. They also include many lesser-known elements that are nonetheless important in modern technology. Persons with hip implants appreciate the transition metals titanium (Ti), molybdenum (Mo), and manganese (Mn), because these noncorrosive metals are used in implant devices. 

Power system. Previously, rechargeable nickel-cadmium cells were used in implant systems. More recently, the power systems of implantable medical electronic devices have become so small that a single AA size lithium primary cell can be used without recharging for more than 5 years. 

Holm, E., B. Oregoni, D. Vas, H. Pettersson, J. Rioseco, and U. Nilsson. 1990. Nickel-63 Radiochemical separation and measurement with an ion implanted silicon detector. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 138 111-118. 

Complications from the use of metal implants and prostheses can arise because of biochemical and histological reactions to some of the materials used (SEDA-22, 250). These include titanium, stainless steel (10-14% nickel, 17-20% chromium), and cobalt chrome alloys (27-30% chromium, 57-68% cobalt, and up to 2.5% nickel). AU of these metals can produce sensitization or ehcit toxic reactions when they are solubilized and come into contact with tissues it can be difficult or even impossible to differentiate between hypersensitivity and toxic reactions. 

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