Impact evaluation methodologies

Phase II examined the leaching characteristics of C R materials, full development of a predictive model, and the validation of the overall evaluation methodology. Validation of the methodology was achieved by evaluating a number of C R materials and by broadening the evaluation criteria to include leaching kinetics, reference environments, and impact interpretation. 

Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is a three-step design evaluation methodology composed of inventory profile, environmental impact assessment, and improvement analysis (Keoleian and Menerey 1994). The purpose of the inventory step is to examine the resources consumed and wastes generated at all stages of the product life cycle, including raw materials acquisition, manufacturing, distribution, use, repair, reclamation, and waste disposal. 

Evaluation Methodology for Environmental Impact Assessment of Industrial Wastes Used as Highway Materials An Overview with Respect to U.S. EPA s Environmental Risk Assessment Framework... 

An evaluation methodology was developed as a practical procedure that provides government agencies (e.g., state departments of transportation) and private industry with a systematic process for assessing the potential environmental impacts resulting from the use of waste and industrial byproducts in highway... 

Finally, the carbon footprint of a product or a process can only rarely reflect all the important environmental aspects of a product or process choice. Therefore, other environmental impact categories or even technical, social and economic assessments are necessary complements. The carbon footprint has often been the only environmental indicator assessed, due to lack of data or well-developed impact assessment methodology for other impacts, or sometimes because of ignorance of the potential risks constituted by the other environmental aspects. The choice of making a carbon footprint assessment or not and how to complement it with other evaluations must be guided by the decision at hand. 

A relatively new methodology caEed aroma dEution analysis (ada), which combines aroma dEution and gas chromatography-olfactometry to gain a better understanding of the relative importance of aroma compounds, was recently done for coffee. In a roasted Colombian coffee brew, 41 impact compounds were found with flavor dEution threshold factors (FD) greater than 25, and 26 compounds had FD factors of 100 or above. WhEe the technique permits assessment of the impact of individual compounds, it does not evaluate synergistic effects among compounds (13). 

Fiksel, J. et al., 1982, Development, Application and Evaluation of a Value-Impact Methodology for Prioritization of Reactor Safety R D Projects, EPRI NP-2530, August. 

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a compilation and evaluation of inputs, outputs, and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle. The LCA methodology is comprehensively described based on the ISO 14000 series standards. References are also given to I.CA information sources. 

This chapter adds the socio-economic dimension to the medical or technical perspectives of the proceeding contributions of this book. As its health economic terminology and approach might be unfamiliar to some readers, we start with a section on methodology. In particular, we present an overview of the concept of Cost-of-Illness (COI) and of relevant health economic evaluation techniques. In Sect. 2, we present the basic findings of a meta-analysis of the socio-economic costs of HIV/AIDS and of the socio-economic impact of antiviral intervention. The major findings are reflected in Sect. 3. The chapter closes with a speculation on long-term socio-economic costs of antiviral intervention. 

With the LCA analysis, the impact categories - the impact on climate, water pollution and air pollution - are mostly evaluated. Whereas, impacts such as biodiversity or pesticide toxicity are seldom evaluated because of methodological problems [34]. The LCA study consists of four basic stages Definition of objectives and the scope, Inventory, Impact assessment and Interpretation [32]. 

The second step and the focus of this chapter was to evaluate the emission load of individual foods from the list of most common foods. There was used the simplified Life Cycle Assessment method in which only the Climate change Impact category was assessed. Detailed description of the LCA methodology is shown in the literature review, the following text describes practical method implementation.Food emission load evaluation using the LCA method... 

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