Immunological networks

Nevertheless, immunological tolerance interested Ehrlich and other immunologists.One proposal, offered by Niels Jeme in 1974, was that self-tolerance depends upon immunological networks.Consider a lymphocyte bearing a bound immunoglobulin receptor or a bound T cell receptor. It will be specific for some epitope E. The receptors are shown in Fig. 

Chapter 8 describes a number of generalized CA models, including reversible CA, coupled-map lattices, quantum CA, reaction-diffusion models, immunologically motivated CA models, random Boolean networks, sandpile models (in the context of self-organized criticality), structurally dynamic CA (in which the temporal evolution of the value of individual sites of a lattice are dynamically linked to an evolving lattice structure), and simple CA models of combat. 

Krutzik, P.O., Hale, M.B., and Nolan, G.P., 2005. Characterization of the murine immunological signaling network with phosphospecific flow cytometry, J. Immunol., 175,2366, 2005. 

If all the sugar residues of the glycophorin molecules in an erythrocyte were spread over the surface of the cell they could cover approximately one-fifth of its surface in a loose network. However, it is more likely that they form bushy projections of a more localized sort. These oligosaccharides not only act as immunological determinants but also serve as receptors for influenza viruses. Other glycoproteins related to glycophorin A occur in smaller amounts.244... 

The theoretical concepts related to the idiotypic network and the nature of molecular mimicry are important areas of immunological research (34-37). Although the intricacies of the natural process are complex, several practical applications of anti-idiotypic antibodies to biological problems have been made, e.g. to detect and isolate certain receptors. The competitive inhibition by ligands of the idiotype-anti-idiotype interaction will also enable the environmental scientist to develop novel immunoassay procedures for compounds of interest. Two specific antibodies are required. The idiotype (Abl), specific for the hapten, is obtained by... 

Heng TS, Painter MW (2008) The immunological genome project networks of gene expression in immune cells. Nat Immunol 9 1091-1094... 

The causes of autoimmune disease are yet unknown. The hypothesis that there is an abnormal immnnological response to an altered antigen, either viral or bacterial, is supported by much scientific evidence. AU of the diseases share an immunological pathogenesis, involving mostly T-cells and B-ceUs, the cytokine network, and the complement system, resulting in an inflammatory condition that becomes chronic and self-perpetnating. 

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