Immunological Glomerulonephritis

Immunologic phenomena glomerulonephritis, Osier s nodes, Roth s spots, and rheumatoid factor... 

Glomerulonephritis Glomerular lesions that are characterized by inflammation of the capillary loops of the glomerulus. These lesions are generally caused by immunologic, vascular, or other idiopathic diseases. Glomerulonephritis can lead to high blood pressure and loss of kidney function. 

Draet, P., Bernard, A., Hirsch, F., Weening, J.J., Gengoux, P., Mahieu, P. and Brikenland, S. (1982). Immunologically mediated glomerulonephritis induced by heavy metals. Arch. Toxicol. 50 187-194. 

For glomerulonephritis, several immunological models are available [150]. For example, injection of an antibody against thymocytes (anti-Thy 1.1 nephritis) causes a rapid mesangi-olysis followed by proliferation [151,152]. 

Immunologic reactions to drugs resulting in serum sickness are more common than immediate anaphylactic responses, but type II and type III hypersensitivities often overlap. The clinical features of serum sickness include urticarial and erythematous skin eruptions, arthralgia or arthritis, lymphadenopathy, glomerulonephritis, peripheral edema, and fever. The reactions generally last... 

Renal disease is seen in 17% of infants with oq-antitrypsin deficiency. It causes massive protein loss, hypoalbuminemia, and renal failure. The kidney disease is an immunological disorder occurring only in patients with liver disease, resulting in a membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with immunoreactive antitrypsin antigen present, as well as complement and immunoglobulins. It should not be confused with the nonspecific spotty asymptomatic glomerulonephritis or hepatorenal syndrome, commonly seen in cirrhosis. 

Theofilopoulos AN, Dixon FJ (1981) Etiopathogenesis of murine SLE. Immunological Rev 55 179-216 Unanue ER, Dixon FJ (1967) Experimental glomerulonephritis Immunological events and pathogenic mechanisms. Adv Immunol 6 1-90... 

Guery JC, Druet E, Glotz D, Hirsch F, Mandet C, De Heer E,and Druet P. Specificity and cross-reactive idiotypes of anti-glomerular basement membrane autoantibodies in HgCl2-induced autoimmune glomerulonephritis. European Journal of Immunology 20 93-100,1990. 

Based on the above information, it is likely that persons exposed to sufficiently high concentrations of mercury may experience renal tubular toxicity. Certain persons who are genetically predisposed may also develop an immunologically based membranous glomerulonephritis. 

Glomerulonephritis is a collection of glomerular diseases mediated by different immunologic pathogenic mechanisms, resulting in varied clinical presentation and therapeutic outcomes. 

Couser WG, Johnson RJ. Postinfective glomerulonephritis. In Neil-son EG, Couser WG, eds. Immunologic Renal Diseases. Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven, 1997 915-944. 

As a consequence of sialidase production by microorganisms and viruses, chronic inflammatory or immunological diseases such as glomerulonephritis or asthma may result [245,795]. Sialidase-producing bacteria in disease and phenomena resulting from the action of sialidases in bacterial infections have been summarized [245]. 

NSAID induced nephrotic syndrome is suspected of being immunologically mediated and idiosyncratic. It has a distinct presentation when compared to that ascribed to acute interstitial nephritis. The nephrotic syndrome is not associated with hemodynamically stressed patients. Recently Radford etal. [%] published a retrospective study of NSAIDs induced membranous nephropathy using the Mayo Clinic biopsy registry. They reported that >10% of biopsy proven membranous glomerulonephritis [stage I/II] was attributable to NSAIDs. They summarized the clinical features of... 

Other adverse effects are caused by immunological reactions, of which the drug-induced lupus syndrome is the most common. Hydralazine also can result in an illness that resembles serum sickness, hemolytic anemia, vasculitis, and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis the mechanism of these autoimmune reactions is unknown. The drug-induced lupus syndrome usually occurs after at least 6 months of continuous treatment with hydralazine, and its incidence is related to dose, sex,... 

Although there is documentation of elevated renal TXA2 in human kidney disease, it will be important to explore abnormal arachidonic acid metabolism in other forms of glomerulonephritis and non-immunological forms of injury to determine how generalized the concept of enhanced TXA2 synthesis is in influencing the loss of renal function in humans. 

Druet, R, et al, Immunologically mediated glomerulonephritis induced by heavy metals. Arch. Toxicol, 1982, 50 187-194. 

Immunologic A 50-year-old woman taking hydralazine for hypertension developed alveolar hemorrhage and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-positive pauci-immune glomerulonephritis despite the absence of full criteria for drug-induced... 

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