Immunologic derivatives

Thrombocytopenia may be caused by various metabolic disturbances (i.) synthesis disorders (e.g. medicaments, alcohol, folic acid deficiency), (2.) replacement disorders (e.g. immunologically derived degradation, consumption coagulopathy, loss of blood), and (3.) distribution disorders (e.g. increased sequestration in the enlarged spleen, involving up to 90% of the thrombocytes). 

ATSDR has derived an intermediate-duration oral MRL of 0.005 mg/kg/day for endosulfan based on a NOAEL for immunological effects in rats (Banerjee and Hussain 1986). 

These results open the exciting possibility of using degradable, tyrosine-derived polymers as "custom-designed" antigen delivery devices. On the other hand, our results indicate that the immunological properties of tyrosine-derived polymers will have to be carefully evaluated before such polymers can be considered for use as drug delivery systems or medical implants. 

Extraction of Sodium Channel Blockers. A review of published reports shows that methods for purification of sodium channel blockers from bacterial cultures are similar to techniques for isolation of TTX and STX from pufferfish and dinoflagellates (30, 31, 38, 39). Typically, cell pellets of bacterial cultures are extracted with hot 0.1% acetic acid, the resulting supernatant ultra-filtered, lyo-philized, and reconstituted in a minimal volume of 0.1% acetic acid. Culture media can also be extracted for TTX by a similar procedure (Ji). Both cell and supernatant extracts are analyzed further by gel filtration chromatography and other biological, chemical, and immunological methods. Few reports describe purification schemes that include extraction of control samples of bacteriological media (e.g., broths and agars) which may be derived from marine plant and animal tissues. 

Wang D Jiang X., Chen P., Inouchi J et al. (1993). Chemical and immunological analysis of prey-derived vomeronasal stimulants. Brain Behav Evol 41, 246-254. 

Humrich JY, Humrich JH, Averbeck M, et al. Mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells respond more strongly to CCL19 than to CXCL12 consequences for directional migration. Immunology 2006 117(2) 238-247. 

Eklund, RK., Ghildyal, N., Austen, K.F. and Stevens, R.L. (1993) Induction by IL-9 and suppression by IL-3 and IL-4 of the levels of chromosome 14-derived transcripts that encode late expressed mouse mast cell proteases Journal of Immunology 151, 4266 273. 

Hiiltner, L., Moeller, J., Schmitt, E., Jager, G., Reisbach, G., Ring, J. and Dormer, P. (1989) Thiol-sensitive mast cell lines derived from mouse bone marrow respond to a mast cell growth-enhancing activity different from both IL-3 and ILA. Journal of Immunology 142, 3440-3446. 

Frandji, P., Oskeritzian, C., Cacaraci, F., Lapeyre, J., Peronet, R., David, B., Guillet, J.G. and Mecheri, S. (1993) Antigen-dependent stimulation by bone marrow-derived mast cells of MHC class Il-restricted T cell hybridoma. Journal of Immunology 151, 6318-6328. 

Huels, C., Germann, T., Goedert, S., Hoehn, P., Koelsch, S., Hultner, L., Palm, N., Rude, E. and Schmitt, E. (1995) Co-activation of naive CD4+ T cells and bone marrow-derived mast cells results in the development of Th2 cells. International Immunology 7, 525—532. 

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