Immunoassay of hormone

T21. Tsuji, A., Maeda, M., Arakawa, H., Matsuoka, K., Kato, N., Naruse, H., and Irie, M., Enzyme immunoassay of hormones and drugs by using fluorescence and chemiluminescence reaction. In International Symposium on Enzyme-Labeled Immunoassay of Hormone and Drugs (S. B. Pale, ed.), pp. 327-329. de Gruyter, Berlin, 1978. 

S. A. Berson and R. S. Yallow, Immunoassay of Plasma Insulin, Immunoassay of Hormones, Ciba Found. Colloq. EndocronoL, 14 (1962) 182. 

S. Matern, K. Tietjen, H. Matern and W. Gerok, Enzyme labelled immunoassay for a bile acid in human serum, in "Enzyme labelled immunoassay of hormones and drugs , S.B. Pal. ed., Walter De Gruyter e Co., Berlin, 457 (1978). 

Most immunoassay kits and many commercial immunoassay analyzers are based on heterogenous EIA or FIA. These include an immunoassay system that uses FIA linked to radial partition chromatography of the antibody—antigen complex (39) a system that uses antibody-coated tubes for enzyme immunoassay of a variety of hormones and dmgs (40) and a system that uses either a sandwich or competitive FIA format to measure a variety of analytes (41). 

ImmunO lSS iy. Chemiluminescence compounds (eg, acridinium esters and sulfonamides, isoluminol), luciferases (eg, firefly, marine bacterial, Benilla and Varela luciferase), photoproteins (eg, aequorin, Benilld), and components of bioluminescence reactions have been tested as replacements for radioactive labels in both competitive and sandwich-type immunoassays. Acridinium ester labels are used extensively in routine clinical immunoassay analysis designed to detect a wide range of hormones, cancer markers, specific antibodies, specific proteins, and therapeutic dmgs. An acridinium ester label produces a flash of light when it reacts with an alkaline solution of hydrogen peroxide. The detection limit for the label is 0.5 amol. 

Radiotracers have also been used extensively for the quantitative rnicrodeterrnination of blood semm levels of hormones (qv), proteins, neurotransmitters, and other physiologically important compounds. Radioimmunoassay, which involves the competition of a known quantity of radiolabeled tracer, usually I or H, with the unknown quantity of semm component for binding to a specific antibody that has been raised against the component to be deterrnined, is used in the rnicro deterrnination of physiologically active materials in biological samples (see Immunoassay). 

Moroder, L., Nyfclcr, R., Gcmcincr, M., Kalbacher, H., and Wfinsch, E. (1983) Immunoassays of peptide hormones and their chemical aspects. BioBolymers 22, 481M86. 

Y.-Y. Xu, K. Pettersson, K. Blomberg, I. Hemmila, H. Mikola, and T. Lovgren, Simultaneous quadruple-label fluorometric immunoassay of thyroid-stimulating hormone, 17 othydroxypro-gesterone, immunoreactive trypsin, and creatine kinase, Clin. Chem. 38, 2038-2043 (1992). 

While the clinical use of MS/MS of hormonal steroids is new, metabolite analysis by gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) has been available for 40 years, since few immunoassays were developed for urinary analytes. Profile analysis is a very powerful technique and it must be recognized that with few exceptions, all disorders of steroid synthesis and metabolism first had their metabolome defined... 

Roper, M.G., Shackman, J.G., Dahlgren, G.M., Kennedy, R.T., Microfluidic chip for continuous monitoring of hormone secretion from live cells using an electrophoresis-based immunoassay. Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 4711—4717. 

Fig. 7. A typical standard curve for enzyme immunoassay of thyroid stimulating hormone...

K2. Kato, N, Naruse, H., Irie, M., and Tsuji, A., Fluorophotometric enzyme immunoassay of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Anal. Biochem. 96, 419-425 (1979). 

Wl. Wada, H. G., Danisch, R. J., Baxter, S. R., Federici, M. M., Fraser, R. C., Brownmill-er, L. J., and Lankford, J. C., Enzyme immunoassay of the glycoprotein tropic hormones—choriogonadotropin, lutropin, thyrotropin—with solid-phase monoclonal antibody for the a-subunit and enzyme-coupled monoclonal antibody specific for the fi-subunit. Clin. Chem. 28, 1862-1866 (1982). 

Hemmila IA (1989) Fluorescent labels for use in fluorescence immunoassays. App Fluores Technol 1(4) 1-8 Jaffe BM, Behrman H (1979) Methods of Hormone Radioimmunoassay. Academic Press, New York Janssen MJ (1997) Develoment and perspectives of fluorescent receptor assays. A case study with benzodiazepines. http //docserver.ub.rug.n1/eldoc/dis/science/m.j.janssen Kriz D, Ramstrom O, Mosbach K (1997) Molecular imprinting. New possibilities for sensor technology. Analytical Chemistry 69 345A-349A... 

Fig. 12.35. Quadruple-label immunoassays of four analytes (thyroid stimulating hormone, 17a-hydroxyprogesterone, immunoreactive trypsin and creatine kinase) in a single assay cuvette with...

An extension of enzyme immunoassay is the enzyme affinity assay applicable to studies of nonimmunological interactions. This is already exemplified by the measurement of hormone using its receptor and by our studies on the interaction of fibronectin with collagen. - Assays of these and similar principles might well become a new area of expression for EIA. 

The lowered detection limits of the newer two-site immunoassays for the measurement of pituitary hormones now make it possible to distinguish an abnormally low value from the lower end of the normal reference interval. Although assessment of a particular aspect of pituitary function should also include clinical signs and symptoms of hormone deficiency and the measurement of hormones secreted by the pertinent endocrine gland (e.g., T4, cortisol, and testosterone), the newer, ultrasensitive assays for TSH, FSH, LH, and ACTH allow for an accurate distinction of a true low result from low normal. A scheme for testing of pituitary reserve is fisted in Box 50-6. 

Measurement of Arginine Vasopressin Numerous immunoassays for measuring AVP in plasma or urine have been described. However, their routine clmical application has been hampered because of method complexity and lack of assay sensitivity and specificity. With most plasma assays, a prefiminary extraction procedure is required, not only to concentrate die minute amount of hormone that is present in the specimen, but also to remove nonspecific interfering substances. 

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