Immune reactions interleukins

L4. Le, J., and Vilcek, J., Interleukin 6, a multifunctional cytokine regulating immune reactions and the acute phase protein response. Lab. Invest. 61,588-602 (1989). 

A note of serious interest. There is also an Interleukin-6. DO NOT EVEN THINK ABOUT IT It is used by AIDS patients as an immunocytochemical. This means it modulates an immune reaction to infection. It creates an inflammatory reaction and very high cortisol levels while suppressing IGF-1 and Androgen levels. So do not chase AIDS victims around asking for some. They have enough problems to deal with. 

Interleukins a subset of the cytokines, denoted by the designation IL-1, IL-2, and so on, and each has specific functions in regulating the immune reaction Lymphotoxin a cytokine, similar to tumor necrosis factor Lipopolysaccharide a molecular component of certain bacteria, that is recognized by certain cells of the immune system (most especially macrophages) and triggers the activation of many immune functions, including synthesis of -NO also called endotoxin... 

This active substance suppresses the release of interleukin 1 from monocytes and the synthesis of interleukins 2, 3 and 4 as well as of TNF-a from T helper cells T cell proliferation, macrophage stimulation and B cell activation are inhibited. Even at an early stage of the immune reaction, this leads to the suppression of both humoral and cellular immune responses. The body s bacterial defence is still not significantly influenced, as the phagocytic activity of the RES is barely inhibited by cyclosporine. Bioavailability is about 35% following oral application it is almost completely metabolized in the body and eliminated predominantly via the bile. Clin-... 

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a lymphokine produced by antigen-or mitogen-activated T cells its principal role is regulation of IgE- and eosinophil-mediated immune reactions. It stimulates switching of B cells for production of IgE. It is a growth and differentiation factor for T cells, particularly Th2 cells is a growth factor for mast cells and stimulates the expression of some adhesion molecules on endothelial cells. ... 

Which cell involved in immune function recognizes foreign peptides bound to MHC class 11 molecules on the surface of APC cells, secretes interleukin-2, and initiates the cell-mediated immunity reaction responsible for host-versus-graft reactions ... 

Lamprey lymphocytes. Leucine-rich repeat cassettes and variable lymphocyte receptors provide adaptive immune reactions without immunoglobulins. Release chemokines and interleukins and their receptors express TCR (Mayer WE Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002 99 14350-14355 Pancer Z et al Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004 101 13273-13278 Uinuk-Ool T et al Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002 99 14356-14361 ... 

In addition to classical treatment with pharmacologically active drugs, new treatments based on manipulation of the immune reaction are approaching completion. One example is injection of monoclonal antibodies specific to interleukins, e.g., IL-5 (15), which could inactivate eosinophils. Another is antibodies to IgE (16), which will decrease circulating and cell-bound IgE, hopefully leading to an amelioration of symptoms. 

Endotoxicity results from the interaction of a bacterial cell envelope component (e.g., LPS or PG with a cell surface receptor constituting part of the nonspecific immune system, (i.e., a toll-like receptor on white blood cells). This results in the production of cytokines [e.g., interleukin 1 (IL-1) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)] as part of an intracellular enzyme cascade which can cause severe tissue injury. Bioassays or immunoassays can be used to detect such reactions respectively. As noted above the most widely used bioassay is the LAL assay. A lysate of amoebo-cytes of the horseshoe crab (Limulus) contains an enzymatic clotting cascade which is activated by extremely low levels of LPS (nanogram levels or lower). There are variants of this assay that can detect PG, but they are not as widely used. As noted above, other bioassays employ cultured cell lines that respond to LPS or PG, respectively. Unfortunately bioassays are highly amenable to false positives (from the presence of cross-reactive substances) or false negatives from inhibition (by contaminants present in the sample) [10]. A detailed discussion of these assays is beyond the scope of this chapter and has been reviewed elsewhere [1]. 

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