Immune genes

Section 5.08.4). Engineered expression systems have also been established for subtilin/ Pep5/" ° epidermin and gallidermin/ mutacin lacticin 3147 436,142 mersacidin. " " In these studies, the immunity genes were typically also required for generating successful expression systems. 

Mendiratta, S.K., Quezada, A., Matar, M., Wang, J., Hebei, H.L., Long, S., Nordstrom, J.L. and Pericle, F. (1999) Intratumoral delivery of IL-12 gene by polyvinyl polymeric vector system to murine renal and colon carcinoma results in potent antitumor immunity. Gene Ther., 6, 833-839. 

Qiu, P., Ziegelhoffer, P., Sun, J. and Yang, N.-S. (1996) Gene gun delivery of mRNA in situ results in efficient transgene expression and immunization. Gene Then, 3, 262-268. 

Hui, G.S., Hashimoto, C.N. Adjuvant formulations possess differing efficacy in the potentiation of antibody and cell mediated responses to a human malaria vaccine under selective immune genes knockout environment. Int Immunopharm 8 (2008) 1012-1022. 

During chronic inflammatory disease, inflammatory cells (neutrophils, mast cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes) become increasingly more damaging to tissues. Anti-inflammatory action of Bik reduces cell death mediated by immune cell. Proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-q) and interleukin-1 (3 (IL-1) cause expression of multiple inflammatory and innate immunity genes for additional cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and enzymes. Aprotinin has been reported to cause a reduction in apoptosis in vivo by decreasing inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-1, IL-6, and TNF -a) thus preventing caspase-8 activation [81],... 

Transcription factors involved in AMP regulation are also responsible for the transcription of inflammatory and immunity genes in mammals, suggesting that the expression of these peptides is coordinated with the expression of other factors of innate immunity and acute inflammation [147,170,171]. IL-ip- and LPS/peptidoglycan-induced hBD-2 syntheses in monocytes and intestinal epithelial cells, respectively, require the NF-kB transcription factor [167,172-174], and the expression of hBD-2,3 by IL-22-induced keratinocytes depends on STAT3 [166]. Secretion of hBD-2 by keratinocytes stimulated by IL-ip or culture supernatants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa requires the activation of transcription factors NF-kB (p50-p65) and AP-1 (activator protein-... 

To determine what cells make the immune-specific RNA we inoculated mid-third instar Drosophila larvae with bacteria and six hours later dissected them into fat bodies and fat body-free carcass. Total RNA was collected, separated by electrophoresis, transfered to nitrocellulose, and probed with labelled Pool 1 oligonucleotide. The results showed (Fig. 5) that intact inoculated larvae accumulate the immune-specific transcript while intact control larvae do not. The tissue dissection experiment showed that fat body cells of inoculated larvae contain transcripts homologous to the immune-specific probe, but the carcass does not. We conclude that fat body cells in Drosophila larvae accumulate a transcript that has homology to sarcotoxin when they have been inoculated with bacteria. We are currently cloning the responsible immune gene. 

In recent years, over 50% of all clinical gene therapy trials, including immune gene therapy and gene-directed enzyme... 

Silverman, N., and T. Maniatis. 2001. NF-kappaB signaling pathways in mammalian and insect innate immunity. Genes Devel. 15 2321-2342. 

Reis M, Eschbach-Bludau M, Iglesias-Wind MI, Kupke T, Sahl H-G (1994) Producer immimity towards the lantibiotic Pep5 identification of the immunity gene pepi and localization and functional analysis of its gene product. Appl Environ Microbiol 60 2876-2883... 

DeBruyne LA, Li K, Bishop DK et al. Gene transfer of virally encoded chemokine antagonists vMIP-II and MC148 prolongs cardiac allograft survival and inhibits donor-specific immunity. Gene Ther 2000 7 575-582. 

Han D, Cai X, Wen J, Matheson D, Skyler JS, Kenyon NS, Chen Z. Innate and adaptive immune gene expression profiles as biotnarkers in human type 1 diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol. 2012 170 131-8. 

Smith LC. Diversification of innate immune genes lessons fiom the purple sea urchin. Dis Model Mech. 2010 3 274-9. doi 10 1242/dmm 004697... 

HAUTON c BROCKTON V and SMITH V J (2007) Changes in immune gene expression and resistance to bacterial infection in lobster (Homarus gammarus) post-larval VI following acute or chronic exposure to immune stimulating compounds, Mol Immunol, 44,443-450. 

Key words shellfish pathology, haemocytes, immune genes, selection programmes, pathogens. 

O H, VENIER P, PRADO-ALVAREZ M, GESTAL C, TOUBIANA M, QUARTESAN R, BORGHESAN F, NovoA B, FiGUERAS A, ROCH p (2010), Expression of Mytilus immune genes in response to experimental challenges varied according to the site of collection. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 28,640-648. 

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