Immune-competent cell

Therefore, liposomes, and also nanoparticles, may allow for the development of needle-less vaccination systems. Studies on mice inoculated with influenza DNA vaccine complexes with liposomes and SLN already demonstrated a clear T-cell (predominantly Thl-type) response. Therefore, the immune response appears to be mediated by Langerhans cells, which is the immune competent cell in the skin (for review, see [65]). 

Antigen ing an agonist from eliciting a physiological response. An antagonist should have no biological activity of its own. Substance that can elicit antibody formation by immune-competent cells and react with a specific antibody. 

Although the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying fibrosis are not fully explained, it is assumed that an inflammatory reaction is the initiating factor in the early stage of fibrosis and that this inflammatory process continues during the fibrotic process [77, 105, 106], Kupffer and endothelial cells are considered to be the most important resident cells involved in the local production of inflammatory mediators [24, 28, 29, 76], Besides causing the activation of HSC, the inflammatory mediators induce the expression of adhesion molecules, such as ICAM-1 and VCAM on endothelial cells, that direct neutrophils and monocytes into the inflamed liver tissue [41-43], Expression of adhesion molecules is also shown for KC and stellate cells [42, 107], Furthermore, chemotactic compounds are released by endothelial and KC to attract immune competent cells... 

Such a mechanism would in some respect resemble the evocation of antibody formation in immune competent cells by special antigens. The development ci such complex immune systems in mammals is a very late invention in evolution. 

From a toxicological point of view, it is important to study the immune-modulatory properties of mesoporous particles, since they may be considered as a potential pathogen at worse, and may additionally interact with immune-competent cells causing an immune response. Immunological studies performed on mesoporous silica with different particle size and pore sizes showed that particle uptake by human dendritic and macrophage cells (immune competent cells) did not impair their functions or affect their cell viability. Smaller (AMS-6, 300 nm particle size, 4.5 nm pore size) particles were encapsulated into vesicular compartments while the larger (AMS-... 

In a study on the immunomodulatory activity of the ethanol extract of Acanthopanax senticosus the extract, administrered orally to healthy volunters for four weeks, showed a drastic increase in the absolute number of immune competent cells, especially T-lymphcytes [10]. 

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