Imaging In vitro

Figure 9.3. Mirror-image in-vitro selection approach. An aptamer which binds a stereoisomer of the cyclic peptide hormone arginine vasopressin (A) composed of all D-amino acids is isolated by in-vitro selection. The aptamer is synthesized in both enantiomeric forms for vasopressin-binding studies in-vitro (B). Inversion of all chiral centers in both partners yields a mirror-image complex, in which vasopressin is bound by a ligand which is resistant against degradation by cellular components (C).

Schoenenberger AW, Bauerfeind P, Krestin GP et al (1997) Virtual colonoscopy with magnetic resonance imaging in vitro evaluation of a new concept. Gastroenterology 112 1863-1870... 

Kulling D, Bohning DE, Kay CL et al (1997) Histological correlates to pig gastrointestinal wall layers imaged in vitro with the magnetic resonance endoscope. Gastroenterology 112 1568-1574... 

Yamada I, Saito N, Takeshita K et al (2001) Early gastric carcinoma evaluation with high-spatial-resolution MR imaging in vitro. Radiology 220 115-121... 

Visual imaging of cell population in vitro) using low signal-to-noise ratio phase contrast microscopy can enable systematic monitoring measurements of cell quality, development and apoptosis. In the present study, microscopic evaluations as seen in Fig. 11 did not reveal any significant alteration in cellular morphology upto 1000 ng/ml. 

Fig. 2.1.16 Trabecular bone structure, muscle after removal of the soft tissue (right). Image and tendon of a mouse tail in vitro at 21.14T, parameters multi-slice spin-echo method,...

In vitro and in vivo studies with BMS-181321 clearly show its utility as a potential hypoxia imaging agent. Studies using isolated, perfused rat hearts showed that BMS-181321 washed out of normoxie hearts quickly, while it was retained after reperfusion in ischemic hearts when administered before ischemia... 

MacKinnon, N. (2005). Spectrally programmable light engine for in vitro or in vivo molecular imaging and spectroscopy. Appl. Opt. 44, 2033 -4. 

Kimura and coworkers have also developed hybrid-type polymersomes composed of polysarcosine-b-PLA ( lactosomes ) [242-243]. The lactosomes are fully biodegradable due to the equipped metabolic pathway for sarcosine and lactic acid. Hence, the lactosome is preferred for in vivo applications rather than for in vitro studies. Indeed, they have demonstrated a potential utility of lactosomes as a contrast agent for in vivo liver tumor imaging [243]. Lactosomes labeled with indocyanine green showed high escape ability from RES, were found to be stable in... 

Annexin V-functionalized crosslinked iron oxide (CLIO) was designed as a contrast agent for MRI, which was additionally labeled with Cy5.5 to allow colocalization with optical imaging techniques [98]. Alternatively, conjugation of multiple Gd-DTPA molecules or SPIO particles to the C2 domain of synaptotagmin I was shown to allow the detection of apoptotic cells in vitro [99]. Zhao et al. [100] were the first to apply a C2 domain-functionalized SPIO and showed very promising results for future in vivo applications of MR contrast agents for the detection of apoptotic sites. 

Optical imaging methods for hypoxia are not yet applicable in vivo but immunohistochemical antibody detection of nitroimi-dazoles (e.g. pimonidazole) has been used extensively for in vitro work and biopsy tissue staining (89). 

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