Image Comparison Method

Another method of defect detection is digital image comparison. The tool works by comparing a pixel of one die to that of the preceding and 

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Fig. 10. Defeclivity observed by the digital image comparison method (a) wafer map showing color variation problem after CMP, and (b) the same wafer using a modified computer algorithm.

Trieschmann, M. et al. (2006). Macular pigment optical density measurement in autofluorescence imaging Comparison of one- and two-wavelength methods. Graefe s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 244 1565-1574. 

Chilvers, M. A. and O Callaghan, C., Analysis of ciliary beat pattern and beat frequency using digital high speed imaging comparison with the photomultiplier and photodiode methods, Thorax, 55, 314-317, 2000. 

For a description of the NEB method and a comparison of the NEB method with other chain of states methods for determining transition states without the use of the Hessian matrix, see D. Sheppard, R. Terrell, and G. Henkelman, J. Chem. Phys. 128 (2008), 134106. The climbing image NEB method is described in G. Henkelman, B. P. Ubemaga, and H. Jonsson, J. Chem. Phys. 113 (2000), 9901 9904. Improvements to the NEB method including a better estimation of the tangent to the MEP are described in G. Henkelman and H. Jonsson,... 

Awad, T.S., and Marangoni, A.G. (2005). Comparison between image analysis methods for the determination of the Iractal dimension of fat crystal networks. In Fat Crystal Networks, A.G. Marangoni (ed.). Marcel Dekker, New York. 

Kane, 1., et al., Comparison of 10 different magnetic resonance perfusion imaging processing methods in acute ischemic stroke effect on lesion size, proportion of patients with diffusion/perfusion mismatch, clinical scores, and radiologic outcomes. Stroke, 2007. 38(12) p. 3158-64. 

The classic approach to image quality assessment involves the presentation to a group of test subjects visual test material for evaluation and rating. The test material may include side-by-side display comparisons, or a variety of perception-threshold presentations. One common visual comparison technique is called the pair-comparison method. A number of observers are asked to view a specified number of images at two or more distances. At each distance, the subjects are asked to rank the order of the images in terms of overall quality, clearness, and personal preference. 

Aschoff AJ, Wendt M, Merkle EM, et al (2001) Comparison of susceptibility artefacts of different radiofrequency electrodes at 0.2 T. Influence of electrode positioning, pulse sequence and image reconstruction methods. Rofo Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Neuen Bildgeb Verfahr 173 257-262... 

In many cases, the methods used to solve identification problems are based on an iterative minimization of some performance criterion measuring the dissimilarity between the experimental and the synthetic data (generated by the current estimate of the direct model). In our case, direct quantitative comparison of two Bscan images at the pixels level is a very difficult task and involves the solution of a very difficult optimization problem, which can be also ill-behaved. Moreover, it would lead to a tremendous amount of computational burden. Segmented Bscan images may be used as concentrated representations of the useful... 

Light microscopy allows, in comparison to other microscopic methods, quick, contact-free and non-destmctive access to the stmctures of materials, their surfaces and to dimensions and details of objects in the lateral size range down to about 0.2 pm. A variety of microscopes with different imaging and illumination systems has been constmcted and is conunercially available in order to satisfy special requirements. These include stereo, darkfield, polarization, phase contrast and fluorescence microscopes. 

The image produced may be viewed either directly by the eye or projected on to a screen. The latter method is usually the more convenient and involves less eyestrain it is less satisfactory than direct observation for fine sizes near the limit of optical resolution. Sizing is commonly achieved by comparison of the particle images with a scale or graticule. Since the process is tedious, sizing is sometimes performed automatically. The smallest resolvable particle size is a function of the wavelength of the light used and varies between 0.5 and 1 p... 

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