Illumination inhomogeneous

But even in a homogeneously doped material an etch stop layer can be generated by an inhomogeneous charge carrier distribution. If a positive bias is applied to the metal electrode of an MOS structure, an inversion layer is formed in the p-type semiconductor. The inversion layer passivates in alkaline solutions if it is kept at the PP using a second bias [Sm5], as shown in Fig. 4.16b. This method is used to reduce the thickness variations of SOI wafers [Og2]. Illuminated regions... 

A roughness on the millimeter scale is observed for micro, meso and macro PS if the HF concentration or temperature varies over the interface. HF concentration variations may be caused by inhomogeneous electrolyte convection at the electrolyte-electrode interface, another common cause are bubbles that stick to the electrode surface. Lateral temperature variations may be a problem during illumination-assisted PS formation. 

A local variation in porosity can be produced by an inhomogeneous illumination intensity. However, any image projected on the backside of the wafer generates a smoothed-out current density distribution on the frontside, because of random diffusion of the charge carriers in the bulk. This problem can be reduced if thin wafers or illumination from the frontside is used. However, sharp lateral changes in porosity cannot be achieved. 

The gels contain inhomogeneities with a characteristic size of about 1 um Under favorable circumstances, this structure can be visualized in the wet gel by epi-illumination microscopy. When it can be visualized, the structure has a "spongy appearance, consistent with what one might expect of a system that has undergone spinodal decomposition. So far, however, there is no concrete evidence to support this mechanism of phase separation. 

The second building block is the illumination unit. Depending on the application, broadband light sources ranging from LEDs to specially modified kW-floodlights may be used. The light sources must provide an even, stable illumination of the sample, as shadows or other inhomogeneities in illumination may lead, for example, to erroneous classification results. 

Fig. 3.1. Scheme of a photothermal experiment in which a small object (absorption cross-section a) is heated by a pump beam (power Pheat)- A probe beam (power Pprobe) illuminates the object and its close surroundings. The wave scattered by the temperature inhomogeneity slightly changes the detected probe power... 

Oxidative degradation of a crystalline polyolefin is a complex reaction involving a dissolved gas and a two-phase, impure, inhomogeneous solid. Factors affecting the reaction rate are antioxidant concentrations, crystallinity, UV illumination intensity, UV absorber concentration, and the samples previous oxidation history. Failure of a sample is often mechanical rather than chemical, and cannot be regarded as occurring at a particular degree of oxidation. 

Most TTSs are cool stars. Therefore, their radiation is sensitive to temperature variations on their surface, especially at short wavelengths. The existence of surface inhomogeneities (cool and hot spots) of rotating stars leads to a periodic modulation of the flux illuminating the CS dust and, as a result, to the periodic modulation of the intrinsic polarization of stars. Its amplitude depends on the amplitude of the light modulation as well as on the CS disk parameters including its inclination to the line-of-sight and the optical parameters of CS dust. 

In contrast to the water in the beaker, a protein molecule has a specific three-dimensional structure. A typical protein molecule is both anisotropic and inhomogeneous, with many atoms closely packed in the interior of the protein. A broad range of temporal and spatial dynamies occurs in the protein s interior, from small-scale rapid movements to large-scale slow movements. Native protein molecules also perform various biological functions, responding to a specific input stimulus such as light illumination, depending on their molecular types. Immediately after initial activation, the molecule is abruptly placed in a nonequilibrium condition, and the... 

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