Idling

The step with the longest time limits the cycle time. Alternatively, if more than one step is carried out in the same equipment, the cycle time is limited by the longest series of steps in the same equipment. The batch cycle time must be at least as long as the longest step. The rest of the equipment other than the limiting step is then idle for some fraction of the batch cycle. 

For presenting the results of the 3D-CT measurements the software tool 3D-CTViewer [12] was designed and developed under the visualization developer language IDL [13]. In this package both typical methods for 3D-visualization, the surface and the volume rendering technique [14], are implemented. 

In principle 3D-CTViewer is running on all platforms supported by IDL and is tested with Windows (NT and 95), Unix (IRIX and Linux) and VMS. 

While idly dreaming over these equations (theoretieians eall it working ) we might happen to notiee that the linear eombination (9-24b) we have seleeted for ground-state helium is the same as the expansion of a 2 x 2 determinant... 

Unbranched primary alcohols and tertiary alcohols tend to react with hydrogen halides without rearrangement The alkyloxonmm ions from primary alcohols react rap idly with bromide ion for example m an Sn2 process Tertiary alcohols give tertiary alkyl halides because tertiary carbocations are stable and show little tendency to rearrange... 

In 1989 chlorine was produced by 25 companies at 52 locations in the United States (Table 4). Approximately half of these plants are located in the Southeast (Eig. 2). Two companies, Dow Chemical USA and Occidental Chemical Corporation, accounted for 54.3% of the total operating capacity the top five companies accounted for 77.5%. Although 0.8 million tons per year of chlorine capacity is presendy idle (Table 4), announced expansions are expected to bring an additional 660,000 t of new chlorine capacity onstream by 1992, increasing total capacity by about 6%/yr (Table 5). 

Opeiating capacity as of Match 1989. Idled capacity is noted where information is available. Refers to year chlorine production started at location. 

Fig. 3. Multipurpose plant capacity utilization where D represents products A, B, C, D, and E U the changeovers and X the time the plant was idle.

Trade secrets become unprotectable when they are found in the pubHc domain, are independentiy developed, or are disclosed out of confidence. Events of the latter type may occur in any number of controUed or uncontroUed situations. For example, a promotional event such as a trade show or a required disclosure to a governmental agency may result in disclosure of the trade secret. Further, pubHcations in journals or maga2ines which may be necessary to promote products may lead to a disclosure of trade secrets. Idle correspondence, conversations, or communications with sales associates, suppHers, or distributors may also result in disclosure of trade secret information. 

Material should not be processed at too high a temperature, eg, above 310°C for nylon-6,6 or 290°C for nylon-6, ia order to avoid degradatioa. Resideace times at the higher temperatures should be kept to a minimum. Moltea ayloa should aot be left ia an idle machine for more than 30 min maximum. Exposure of molten and hot nylon to air should also be minimized to avoid discoloration. 

In the 1980s manufacturing capacity for aniline underwent some major changes. It is estimated that aniline capacity utilization was about 50% of nameplate capacity when Aristech s new 91,000 t/yr plant came on stream. That same year American Cyanamid closed its 23,000-t plant at Willow Island, W. Va., and withdrew from the aniline business. Mobay shut down its larger plant (45,000-t) at New Martinsville, W. Va. in 1983 and Du Pont idled its 77,000-tfacihtyinl984. 

Nickel. Around 56,000 t of nickel were recycled from scrap in 1994. This is just over one-third of the consumption of the metal. The only mining and smelter in the United States was idle in 1994, although INMETCO (EUwood City, Peimsylvania) was a primary consumer of recyclable metal in the production of stainless steel. Almost one-half of all nickel went into the production of stainless steels with an additional 29% in superaHoys and... 

Based on the results of the Solar One plant. Southern California Edison formed a consortium that included DOE and EPRI to constmct a Solar Two Project. Solar Two will convert the idle Solar One central receiver plant from a water/steam system to a molten salt system, thereby improving efficiency and operating performance. With the molten salt technology, solar energy can be collected during the day and stored in the salt to produce electricity when needed. The three-year demonstration is scheduled to begin in late 1996. 

A gas turbine used in aircraft must be capable of handling a wide span of fuel and air flows because the thmst output, or pressure, covers the range from idle to full-powered takeoff. To accommodate this degree of flexibiUty in the combustor, fuel nozzles are usually designed with two streams (primary and secondary flow) or with alternate tows of nozzles that turn on only when secondary flow (or full thmst power) is needed. It is more difficult to vary the air streams to match the different fuel flows and, as a consequence, a combustor optimized for cmise conditions (most of the aircraft s operation) operates less efficiently at idle and full thmst. 

The code fragment is now finished after the eighth clock cycle. Note that there are stiU three clock cycles during which there are idle stages in the multiplication pipeline. The compiler would look for other statements in the code that could be overlapped with those already in process. 

Many institutions have hundreds, or even thousands, of powerful work stations that are idle for much of the day. There is often vastiy more power available in these machines than in any supercomputer center, the only problem being how to harness the power already available. There are network load-distribution tools that allocate individual jobs to unused computers on a network, but this is different from having many computers simultaneously cooperating on the solution of a single problem. 

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