Identification of changes

The activities under interpretation are divided into four categories. Troubleshooting is a procedure to identify and solve a problem in the unit. Hypothesized causes for the observed problems are developed and then tested with appropriate measurements or identification of changes in operating conditions. 

Long-term monitoring of consumption patterns the determination of the levels of drugs of abuse on a broader temporal scale (e.g., years) would allow for the identification of changes in consumption patterns, linked to the decrease in the consumption of certain substances and the increase of new emerging dmgs. 

Identification of changes made to the physical and chemical composition of the API... 

The identification of changes in the metabolome can help characterize the biochemical functions of enzymes in the proteome [5, 24]. Not all metabolic changes, however, provide easy readouts. Therefore, more sophisticated analytical methods have been developed to detect and quantify changes in metabolome. The application of modem analytical tools, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) [19] and mass spectrometry (MS) [5, 24], are the primary tools of metabolomics researchers. In particular, MS has found increased usage as mass spectrometers have improved their sensitivity and mass resolution. 

W.L. Backes at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, is studying the toxicological significance of the metabolism in rats and rabbits of alkylbenzenes (including toluene, xylenes, ethylbenzene, and />propylbenzene), which are major constituents of gasoline. Specifically, the identification of changes in the metabolic fate of the alkylbenzenes due to their prior administration, the effects of age, sex, and strain differences, the effects of exposure time and exposure to hydrocarbon mixtures, and the effect of hydrocarbon... 

Organic carbon MARs are especially useful to paleolimnology for identification of changes in delivery rates of organic matter to lake sediments (cf., Meyers Lallier-Verges, 1999). Often the proportions of lake-derived and land-derived organic matter can be estimated by determinations described later in this chapter, allowing calculation of separate... 

Analysis of data obtained in experiments usually starts with the estimation of statistical measures that characterize the range, the mean value, the variance of the data, and their confidence intervals. Sometimes, when the experiment concerns the identification of changes in the distribution of the dependent factor, such as fibre length or fibre diameter distribution, the analysis continues with the estimation of the skewness and kurtosis, which are measures of the distribution symmetry and sharpness, respectively. Table 1.3 summarizes equations for the calculation of statistical measures. In this table Xi,X2,. ..,x . ..,x are individual measurements or observations for a sample of n measurements. 

Gonzalez, R., Tao, H., Purvis, J.E, York, S.W. et al (2003) Gene array-based identification of changes that contribute to ethanol tolerance in ethanologenic Escherichia colv. comparison of KOll (Parent) to LYOl (resistant mutant). Biotechnol Progr., 19, 612-623. 

The described technology was used to evaluate the aroma profile from a range of cheese samples. Besides the chromatographic pattern, both the identification and relative quantitation of desirable compounds as well as off-odours can be performed. The method also enables the identification of changes in the composition over time, providing useful data relating to shelf life and product safety (Markes Int. Ltd., 2010,2012). 

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