IBADS

Fig. 11. Ion plating configurations (a) plasma-based, where the substrate fixture is the cathode of the d-c circuit, and (b) vacuum-based (IBAD).

Ion assisted deposition (IAD), 14 441-442 Ion-beam amorphization, 14 447 Ion-beam-assisted deposition (IBAD),... 

Saha et al. [109] have proposed an improved ion deposition methodology based on a dual ion-beam assisted deposition (dual IBAD) method. Dual IBAD combines physical vapor deposition (PVD) with ion-beam bombardment. The unique feature of dual IBAD is that the ion bombardment can impart substantial energy to the coating and coating/substrate interface, which could be employed to control film properties such as uniformity, density, and morphology. Using the dual lABD method, an ultralow, pure Ft-based catalyst layer (0.04-0.12 mg Ft/cm ) can be prepared on the surface of a GDL substrate, with film thicknesses in the range of 250-750 A. The main drawback is that the fuel cell performance of such a CL is much lower than that of conventional ink-based catalyst layers. Further improvement... 

The methods mostly used for nano-cBN deposition are ion-beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) [199] mass selected ion beam deposition (IBD) [200] ion plating [201] RF- or magnetron sputtering [202] and laser deposition [203] (Fig. 13). 

IBAD allows one to control all decisive parameters for the c-BN deposition (e.g. ion energy, ion flux, and ion/boron ratio). Typical deposition parameters are 300-1200 eV ion energy, 0.4-0.8 mA/cm2 ion current, 2 x 10-4 mbar pressure, 300 °C substrate temperature, ratio ions/boron atoms 0.5-3 [196,199, 205-207]. 

Fig. 13. Dependence of the nano-cBN deposition on deposition parameters by IBAD experiments. The results of literature data are summarized for the parameters ion energy and substrate temperature...

M. Cadet, R.T. Ibad, J. Seguin, D. Scher-man, and M. Bessodes. 2003. Anionic polyethyleneglycol lipids added to cationic lipoplexes increase their plasmatic circulation time./. Control. Release 88 429 -43. 

Mamedov, F. N Movsum-Zade, M., Zein-alov, A. M., and Ibad-Zade, A., Synthesis of aminomethyl derivatives of l-hydroxy-2-thionaphthol, Azerb. Khim. Zh., 66, 1978 Chem. Absir.. 89, 21.5099, 1978. 

There are many physical deposition (PD) processes which can be used to deposit lubricating films on surfaces, and several of them have been used, either separately or in combination, for depositing molybdenum disulphide. They include Ion Beam Enhanced (or Assisted) Deposition (IBED or IBAD), and Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD), but the most important so far is sputtering, or more precisely sputter-coating. 

Fig. 16 Raman spectrum of DLC film deposited by IBAD technique.

Figure 16 shows the Raman spectrum of a DLC film deposited by the IBAD technique. The Raman spectra for diamond like materials provide information on the sp bonding. The characteristic features of Raman spectra of diamond like materials consist of a graphite-like (G) peak and a disorder (D) peak in the regions 1500-1550 cm and 1330-1380 cm respectively. The relative intensities of the G and D peaks can be used to indicate qualitatively the concentration of graphite crystallites of... 

Fig. 22 RBS spectra of carbonitride films deposited, at different temperatures, using IBAD technique.

Figure 22 shows RBS spectra of amorphous (Raman spectra similar to amorphous diamond like films) carbonitride films deposited at different temperatures using IBAD. Using this technique, maximum nitrogen incorporation was 33% as compared to 57% required for P-C3N4 stoichiometry. The XPS spectra (C Is and N Is) of the film with 33% nitrogen are shown in Figure 23. From these spectra the percentage of single bonded carbon and nitrogen is obtained...

Gulla, A.F. et al.. Toward improving the performance of PEM fuel cell by using mix metal electrodes prepared by dual IBAD, J. Electrochem. Soc., 153, A366, 2006. 

In the IBAD method, textured YSZ buffer layers were deposited on top of Ni-based alloys at room temperature by means of ion beam sputtering along with ion beam... 

Figure 2. The X ray pole figure of YBa2Cu307 x (103) peak for the film grown on biaxially aligned YSZ layer deposited by IBAD.

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