I Iodide

Miscellaneous methods such as heating copper with iodine,4 dissolution of copper in hot concentrated hydriodic acid,6 treatment of copper(I) cyanide with hydriodic acid,6 and heating copper with iodoform7 are of little preparative significance. 

Twenty-five grams (0.1 mol) of copper(II) sulfate 5-hydrate is placed in a 400-ml. beaker and dissolved in 150 ml. of water. A second solution is prepared by placing 36.5 g. (0.22 mol) of potassium iodide and 28.0 g. (slightly more than 0.11 mol) of sodium thiosulfate 5-hydrate in a 100-ml. volumetric flask, adding water to the mark, and shaking thoroughly, f The second solution is added to the first from a buret with continuous, rapid stirring until no further precipitation occurs (90.9 ml. is theoretically required). J 

The dense, white precipitate is allowed to settle for ca. 15 minutes and is then collected on a small, sintered-glass funnel (medium porosity), washed with several 20-ml. portions 

sample is dissolved in concentrated nitric acid, the resulting iodine removed by filtration through a sintered-glass funnel, washed with water, and the washings added to the yellow filtrate. The latter is diluted with water and the copper determined by electrolytic reduction. Anal. Calcd. for Cul Cu, 33.4. Found Cu, 33.1. 

Copper (I) iodide is a dense, pure white solid, crystallizing with a zinc-blende structure below 300°. It is less sensitive to light than either the chloride or bromide, although passage of air over the solid at room temperature in daylight for 3 hours results in the liberation of a small amount of iodine. It melts at 588°, boils at 1,293°, and unlike the other copper halides, is not associated in the vapor state. Being extremely insoluble (0.00042 g./l. at 25°), it is not perceptibly decomposed by water. It is insoluble in dilute acids, but dissolves in aqueous solutions of ammonia, potassium iodide, potassium cyanide, and sodium thiosulfate. It is decomposed by concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids. 

Reagent Chemicals American Chemical Society Specifications, 8th ed American Chemical Society Washington, 1993, p 279. 

Solubility insoluble in H2O and most organic solvents partially 

Form Supplied in off-white to grayish solid 99.999% grade 

Steven H. Bertz Edward H. Fairchild LONZA, Annandale, NJ, USA 

In addition to the ate complexes prepared from 2 equiv of RLi, the organocopper(I) conpounds RCu, prepared from 1 equiv of RLi and CuL have found synthetic application in the presence of additives, which enhance the reactivity of these otherwise relatively unreactive compounds. Both Lewis bases and Lewis acids have been used for this purpose, and their utility has been extended to the organocuprates as well. Examples of the former are phosphines, such as tri-butylphosphine, and sulfides, such as dibutyl sulfide and dimethyl sulfide examples of the 

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Thallium I) iodide. Til yellow or red solid precipitated from aqueous solution. 

Alternatively, the iodide is precipitated as copper(I) iodide by addition of copper(II) sulphate, in presence of sulphite, thus ... 

The iodine is then liberated by heating the copper(I) iodide with sulphuric acid and iron(III) oxide ... 

The copper(II) sulphate is recovered and used to precipitate more copper(I) iodide. 

In the presence of excess iodide ions, copper(II) salts produce the white insoluble copper(I) iodide and free iodine, because copper(II) oxidises iodide under these conditions. The redox potential for the half-reaction ... 

The radioactive isotopes available for use as precursors for radioactive tracer manufacturing include barium [ C]-carbonate [1882-53-7], tritium gas, p2p] phosphoric acid or pP]-phosphoric acid [15364-02-0], p S]-sulfuric acid [13770-01 -9], and sodium [ I]-iodide [24359-64-6]. It is from these chemical forms that the corresponding radioactive tracer chemicals are synthesized. [ C]-Carbon dioxide, [ C]-benzene, and [ C]-methyl iodide require vacuum-line handling in weU-ventilated fume hoods. Tritium gas, pH]-methyl iodide, sodium borotritide, and [ I]-iodine, which are the most difficult forms of these isotopes to contain, must be handled in specialized closed systems. Sodium p S]-sulfate and sodium [ I]-iodide must be handled similarly in closed systems to avoid the Uberation of volatile p S]-sulfur oxides and [ I]-iodine. Adequate shielding must be provided when handling P P]-phosphoric acid to minimize exposure to external radiation. 

There are three general types of radiopharmaceuticals elemental radionucHdes or simple compounds, radionucHde complexes, and radiolabeled biologically active molecules. Among the first type are radionucHdes in their elemental form such as Kr and Xe or Xe, and simple aqueous radionucHde solutions such as or I-iodide, Tl-thaUous chloride, Rb-mbidium(I) chloride [14391-63-0] Sr-strontium(II) chloride, and Tc-pertechnetate. These radiopharmaceuticals are either used as obtained from the manufacturer in a unit dose, ie, one dose for one patient, or dispensed at the hospital from a stock solution that is obtained as needed from a chromatographic generator provided by the manufacturer. 

However, the most convenient method of piepaiation is from the reaction of thaUium(I) iodide and organohthium ... 

Copper(I) iodide, supplied by either MC and B Manufacturing Chemists... 

The formation of g-alkyl-a,g-unsaturated esters by reaction of lithium dialkylcuprates or Grignard reagents in the presence of copper(I) iodide, with g-phenylthio-, > g-acetoxy-g-chloro-, and g-phosphoryloxy-a,g-unsaturated esters has been reported. The principal advantage of the enol phosphate method is the ease and efficiency with which these compounds may be prepared from g-keto esters. A wide variety of cyclic and acyclic g-alkyl-a,g-unsaturated esters has been synthesized from the corresponding g-keto esters. However, the method is limited to primary dialkylcuprates. Acyclic g-keto esters afford (Zl-enol phosphates which undergo stereoselective substitution with lithium dialkylcuprates with predominant retention of stereochemistry (usually > 85-98i )). It is essential that the cuprate coupling reaction of the acyclic enol phosphates be carried out at lower temperatures (-47 to -9a°C) to achieve high stereoselectivity. When combined with they-... 

Gold (I) iodide [10294-31-2] M 323.9, m 120°(dec), d 8.25. It has been prepared by heating gold and iodine in a tube at 120° for 4 months. Since it decomposes to Au and I2 in the presence of UV light and heat then the main impurity is Au. The salt is therefore purified by heating at 120° with I2 for several weeks. The crystals should be kept dry and in a cool place in the dark. [Z Naturforsch IIB 604 7956.]... 

Tnfluorometltylation of aryl, alkenyl, and alkyl halides can be accomplished by heating methyl fluorosulfonyldifluoroacetate and the appropriate halide precursor with copper(I) iodide at 60-80 °C in DMF [27 7] (equation 145). Similar trifluoromethylations of aryl, benzyl, and vinyl halides can be carried out with fluorosulfonyldifluoromethyl iodide and copper metal in DMF at 60-80 °C [2 75] (equation 146). 

Treatment of 4-arylamino-8-iodoquinoline 268 with propargyl alcohol in presence of iodo(phenyl)bis(triphenylphosphine) palladium and copper (I)iodide afforded 269 which upon catalytic reduction using Linder s catalyst gave 4//-pyrrolo[3,2,l-(/]quinoline 270 (97H2395) (Scheme 48). 

Cupro-. cuprous, copper(I), cupro-. -chlorid, n. cuprous chloride, copper(I) chloride, -cy-aniir, n. cuprous cyanide, copper(I) cyanide cuprocyanide, cyanocuprate(I). -jodid, n. cuprous iodide, copper(I) iodide, -mangan, n. cupromanganese. -oxyd, n. cuprous oxide, copper(I) oxide, -salz, n. cuprous salt, cop-per(I) salt, -suifocyantir, n. cuprous thiocyanate, copper (I) thiocyanate, -verbin-dUDg, /. cuprous compound, copper(I) compound. 

Gold-hydroxyd, n. gold hydroxide, specif, auric hydroxide, gold(III) hydroxide, -jodid, n. gold iodide, specif, auric iodide, gold(III) iodide, -jodiir, n. aurous iodide, gold (I) iodide, -kafer, m. gold beetle. 

Merkuro-. mercurous, mercury (I), -azetat, n. mercurous acetate. mercury(I) acetate, -chlorld, n. mercurous chloride, mercury(I) choride. -chrom, n. (Pharm.) mercuro chrome, -jodid, n. n ercurous iodide, mer-cury(I) iodide. -nitrat, n. mercurous nitrate, mercury(I) nitrste. -oxyd, n. mercurous oxide, mercury(I) oxide, -salz, n. mercurous salt, mercury (I) salt, -sulfat, n. mercurouasulfate, mercury(I) sulfate, -sulfid, n. mercurous sulfide, mercury(I) sulfide, -verbindung, /. mercurous compound, mercury (I) compound. 

Thallo-. thallous, thalhum(I). -bromid, a, thallous bromide, thalliuro(I) bromide -chlorat, n. thallous chlorate, thallium(I) chlorate, -chlorid, n. thallous chloride, thallium I) chloride, -fluorid, n. thallous fiuoride. thal lium(I) fiuoride. -ion, n- thallous ion, thal lium(I) ion. -jodat, n. thallous iodate. thal liura(I) iodate. -jodid, n. thallous iodide. thallium(I) iodide, -salz, n. thallous salt. thallium(I) salt, -sulfat, n. thallous aulfate. thailium(I) sulfate, -verbindung, /. thallous compound, thallium(I) compound. 

Bromo-3//-2-bcnzazepines, e.g. 38, undergo palladium(0)-catalyzed carboalkoxylation with carbon monoxide in the presence of copper(I) iodide and methanol to give mixtures of isomeric methyl esters, e.g. 39 and 40.78 The function of the copper(I) iodide is not understood, but its presence lowers significantly (18 h to 3 h) the reaction time. 

A degassed suspension of lhe halo compound 14 and an alkyne (1.2 equiv) in Et3N (0.1-0.2 mol) was stirred in the presence of dichlorobis(triphenylphosphane)palladium(II) (0.02 equiv) and coppcr(I) iodide (0.04 equiv) at 20 C for 20 h. EtOAc was added and the mixture was washed with H20 and brine the organic phase was dried (MgSOi) and evaporated to yield the product. 

Chlorins are also accessible by carbene additions to C-C double bonds on the periphery of metalloporphyrins. The most effective reaction on a preparative scale is the addition of ethyl diazoacetate in refluxing benzene to copper octaethylporphyrin (4) or meso-tetraphenylpor-phyrin in the presence of copper(I) iodide,100108b 110 which gives a diastereomcric mixture of chlorins, e.g. 5. 

Cyclopropane-fused chlorins are formed in good yields from copper porphyrins with ethyl diazoacetatc in benzene in the presence of copper(I) iodide.200,21 In the case of copper oc-taethylporphyrin 10, which gives a diastereomeric mixture of cyclopropane adducts 11, ethyl me o-porphyrincarboxylate 12 and a geminally dialkylated chlorin 13 (a rearrangement product of the cyclopropane chlorin 11) are observed as minor byproducts.200... 

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