HyWays

HyNet (2004). Towards a European Hydrogen Energy Roadmap, www.hyways.de/ hynet. 

HyWays (2007). Hydrogen Energy in Europe. Integrated Project under... 

The MOREHyS model has been applied as a supporting tool for the hydrogen infrastructure analysis within the integrated EU project Hyways to develop the European Hydrogen Energy Roadmap (see www.hyways.de). 

Figure 14.5 shows the different scenarios with respect to the development of the market penetration of hydrogen passenger cars until 2050, as developed by the HyWays project for the EU (HyWays, 2007) in addition, the most optimistic world hydrogen penetration scenario developed by the IEA is displayed (which also includes... 

The following section presents the major outcomes of the HyWays project, whose overarching aim was to develop a validated European hydrogen roadmap and an action plan for introducing hydrogen in transport as well as stationary applications, and to demonstrate how hydrogen can contribute to sustainability. HyWays... 

The HyWays project has concluded that hydrogen can reduce the C02 emissions from road transport by over 50% much of the remaining emissions come from goods transport where no hydrogen fuel was assumed (HyWays, 2007). In contrast, biofuels can only supply a fraction of today s transportation energy demand (6% to 15% within the EU), if the competing use of biomass in the stationary sector is taken into account (JEC, 2007) (see also Chapter 7). 

Figure 14.17(a). Early-user centres and early transit road network for hydrogen in the ten HyWays countries (HyWays, 2007). 

The resulting early transit road network focuses on connecting early-user centres within the HyWays countries, but also on international links. Furthermore, the motorways around early-user centres with high population densities should be equipped with hydrogen fuelling stations to facilitate daily commuting in these regions. 

Figure 14.18. Specific hydrogen supply costs and cumulative investments in the 10 HyWays countries (base case scenario with country-specific feedstock bounds and 20% LH2 demand) (HyWays, 2007).

Table 14.8. Characteristics for each of the ten HyWays countries in the timeframe 2025-2030...

Stiller, C., Seydel, P., Bunger, U. and Wietschel, M. (2007). Assessment of the regional hydrogen demand and infrastructure build-up for 10 European countries, www.hyways.de. 

Figure 17.10. Hydrogen demand according to HyWays scenarios and maximal import potential in 2040 for 12 selected hydrogen corridors.

Table 18.1. Scenarios for the potential development of hydrogen vehicles share in vehicle stock (for more details of the scenarios, see HyWays, 2006c)...

Table 18.3. Scenarios for the possible development of stationary hydrogen applications i commercial and services sector (for more information, see HyWays, 2006c) in the...

Figure 18.3. Structure of the investments of the six HyWays countries (France, Germany, Greece, Italy, The Netherlands and Norway) in a hydrogen economy (cumulative for a ten-year period, hydrogen high-penetration scenario).

Figure 18.6. Net employment effects for the hydrogen high penetration, and medium penetration scenarios with optimistic learning rates for hydrogen passenger cars, as well as hydrogen low penetration scenarios with moderate learning rates for hydrogen passenger cars for the years 2020 and 2030. The overall net employment effects for the ten HyWays countries in three import and export scenarios are shown.

Ten HyWays countries, scenario structural identity, year 2030... 

Figure 18.7. Employment effects for the hydrogen high penetration in the structural identity scenario for the different economic sectors of the ten HyWays MS countries.

The PACE-T(H2) model was first applied for the analysis of introducing hydrogen in the transport sector within HyWays. For more information on HyWays, see www.hyways.de. 

The higher prices of cars, which is balanced by subsidies, has two impacts in ASTRA first, car manufacturers increase their revenues and output, compared with BAU, and second, a few other sectors that manufacture significant shares of the fuel cell also benefit. HyWays estimates that about one third of a car s price is related to the drive train. For hydrogen-fuel-cell cars, out of this one third about 30% is assumed to be provided by the chemical sector and 40% by the electronics sector in ASTRA. The remaining 30% is still manufactured by the vehicle sector. Hence, the according shares of demand for H2 fuel-cell vehicles are shifted from the vehicles sector, which before produced 100% of the drive train, to the chemicals and electronics sectors, respectively. This affects the sectoral final demand and the input-output table calculations in ASTRA. 

Figure 18.13. Additional installed capacity and investments into renewables to produce hydrogen for transport in the EU25. (Source ASTRA results based on HyWays country approaches to applying renewable technologies.)...

Based on the framework of economic development, energy prices, hydrogen car penetration and the structure of renewable hydrogen production described in the previous sections, the hydrogen car s high-penetration scenario of HyWays is simulated with the ASTRA model and the results are compared with the BAU scenario. Figure 18.14... 

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