Hypoxia-induced phosphorylation

It has been suggested that induction of MKP-1 gene expression occurs as a compensatory response to activation of MAPK (86,87). Although pharmacological blockade of MEK, the upstream activator of MAPK, prevented hypoxia-induced phosphorylation of MAPK (ERKl /2), it did not alter the effect of hypoxia on MKP-1 mRNA levels (81). Therefore, the hypoxia-induced activation of MAPK is... 

Beitner-Johnson D, Millhom DE. Hypoxia induces phosphorylation of the cyclic AMP response element-binding protein by a novel signaling mechanism. J Biol Chem 1998 273 19834-19839. 

Richard DE, Berra E, Pouyssegur J. Nonhypoxic pathway mediates the induction of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha in vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2000 275 26765-26771. Lancaster DE, McNeill LA, McDonough MA, Aplin RT, Hewitson KS, Pugh CW, Ratcliffe PJ, Schofield CJ. Disruption of dimerisation and substrate phosphorylation inhibit factor inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor (FIH) activity. Biochem. J. 2004 (383) 429-427. 

Gort EH, Groot AJ, Derks van de Ven TL, van der Groep P, Verlaan I, van Laar T, van DiestPJ, van der Wall E, Shvarts A. Hypoxia-inducible factor-lalpha expression requires PI 3-kinase activity and correlates with Aktl phosphorylation in invasive breast cardno-mas. Oncogene 2006 25 6123 127. 

Hypoxia exerts a reciprocal control on transcription of glycolytic (increase) and mitochondrial (decrease) enzymes in myotubes (Webster et al. 1990). The effects on glycolytic enzymes may be mediated by the oxygen sensitive transcription factor HIE (hypoxia-inducible factor). In the immorta-Used mouse skeletal muscle cell line (C2C12), when used at low concentrations, azide inhibited more than 70 % of cytochrome oxidase activity without changes in bioenergetics (either lactate production or creatine phosphorylation) or mRNA for mitochondrial enzymes (Leary etal. 1998). 

Jin X, Jin HR, Lee D, Lee JH, Kim SK, Lee JJ (2008) A quassinoid 6alpha-tigloyloxycha-parrinone inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor-1 pathway by inhibition of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E phosphorylation. European J Pharmacol 592 41 Kirby GC, O Neill MJ, Phillipson JD, Warhurst DC (1989) hi vitro studies on the mode of action of quassinoids with activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Biochem Pharmacol 38 4367... 

Hypoxia induced a robust Ser phosphorylation of CREB (Fig. 7) that was greater than that prodnced by two prototypical stimuli used to activate CREB,... 

Beitner-Johnson D, Rust RT, Hsieh T, Millhom DE. Hypoxia activates Akt and induces phosphorylation of GSK-3 in PC12 cells. Cell Signal 2001 13 23—27. 

Richard D, Berra F, Gothie E, Roux D, Poussegur J. p42/p44 mitogen activated protein kinases phosphorylate hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-l) and enhance the transcriptional activity of HIF-l. J Biol Chem 1999 274 32631-32637. 

Erythropoietin stimulates erythroid proliferation and differentiation by interacting with erythropoietin receptors on red cell progenitors. The erythropoietin receptor is a member of the JAK/STAT superfamily of cytokine receptors that use protein phosphorylation and transcription factor activation to regulate cellular function (see Chapter 2). Erythropoietin also induces release of reticulocytes from the bone marrow. Endogenous erythropoietin is primarily produced in the kidney. In response to tissue hypoxia, more erythropoietin is produced through an increased rate of transcription of the... 

Merighi S, Benini A, Mirandola P, Gessi S, Varani K, Leung E, Maclennan S, Baraldi PG, Borea PA (2007b) Hypoxia inhibits paclitaxel-induced apoptosis through adenosine-mediated phosphorylation of Bad in glioblastoma cells. Mol Pharmacol 72(1) 162-172... 

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