Hypothalamus preoptic

X2 NM 174873 Sensory and autonomic ganglia, dorsal and ventral horn of the spinal cord, thalamus, hypothalamus, preoptic area, red nucleus, oculomotor nucleus, locus coeruleus and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus... 

Structures implicated in the production or maintenance of sleep include the nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal medullary reticular formation, raphe nuclei, thalamus, anterior hypothalamus, preoptic area, basal forebrain, orbitofrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex. None of these structures are individually necessary for sleep. No lesion has produced a long lasting total insomnia. After some sleep-reducing lesions, sleep returns toward normal if sufficient time is allowed for recovery. 

Mathew, J., and Bala subramanian, A. S., Arylsulfatase C and estrone sulfatase of sheep hypothalamus, preoptic area and mid brain Separation by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and evidence for diferences in their lipid environment. J. Neurochem. 39,1205-1209 (1982). 

Sahu, A., Sninsky, C.A., Kalra, P.S. Kalra, S.P. (1990) Neuropeptide-Y concentration in microdissected hypothalamic regions and in vitro release from the medial basal hypothalamus-preoptic area of streptozotocin-diabetic rats with and without insulin substitution therapy. Endocrinology 126, 192-198. 

Naess, O., Attramadal, A., and Aakvaag, A., 1975, Androgen binding proteins in the anterior pituitary, hypothalamus, preoptic area and brain cortex of the rat. Endocrinology 96 1. 

Baker, F. C., Shah, S., Stewart, D. et al. (2005b). Interleukin 10 enhances non-rapid eye movement sleep and increases c-Fos expression in the median preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Am. J. Physiol. Regul Integr. Comp. Physiol. 288, R998-1005. 

Gong, H., Szymusiak, R., King, J., Steininger, T., McGinty, D. (2000). Sleep-related c-Fos expression in the preoptic hypothalamus effects of ambient warming. 

McGinty, D. Szymusiak, R. (2001). Brain structures and mechanisms involved in the generation of NREM sleep focus on the preoptic hypothalamus. Sleep Med. 

Methippara, M., Alam, Md. N., Szymusiak, R McGinty, D. (2003). Preoptic area warming inhibits wake-active neurons in the perifornical lateral hypothalamus. 

Sallanon, M., Sakai, K, Denoyer, M., Jouvet, M. (1989) Long lasting insomnia induced by preoptic neuron lesions and its transient reversal by muscimol injections into the posterior hypothalamus. Neuroscience. 32, 669-83. 

Figure 2.4 Flip-flop switch model of wake and slow wave sleep active systems. Mutually inhibitory connections exist between GABAergic/Galaninergic slow wave sleep active neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) of the anterior hypothalamus and aminergic neurons in the hypothalamus (histamine (HA) neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN)) and brainstem (serotonin (5-HT) neurons in the dorsal raphe (DR) and noradrenaline (NA) neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC)). Orexinergic neurons in the perifornical hypothalamus (PFH) stabilize the waking state via excitation of the waking side of the flip-flop switch (aminergic neurons).

GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus and basal forebrain... 

Ferraro, L., Antonelh, T., TanganeUr, S. et al. (1999). The vigilance promoting drug modafinil increases extracellular glutamate levels in the medial preoptic area and the posterior hypothalamus of the conscious rat prevention by local GABAA receptor blockade. Neuropsychopharmacology 20, 346-56. 

Hypothalamus medial and lateral preoptic areas anterior, lateral, and posterior hypothalamic areas dorsomedial and ventromedial nuclei tuberomammillary nucleus medial and lateral preoptic areas, lateral hypothalamic area, dorsomedial nucleus, complex of mammillary bodies... 

Figure 10.2 The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) and other possible diencephalic targets for melatonin in sleep regulation. See text for details. VLPO, ventrolateral preoptic area DMH, dorsomedial hypothalamus LHA, lateral hypothalamic area.

Figure 11.2 Increases in wakefulness after intracerebroventricular (ICV) or intrahypothalamic administration of ghrelin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), and orexin-A in the first hour of the light period in rats. LH, lateral hypothalamus MPA, medial preoptic area PVN, paraventricular nucleus asterisks denote significant differences from baseline. Orexin data are extracted from Vogel et at, J. Neuroscience Methods, 2002, 118 89-96.

An unanswered question about adenosine is how this inhibitory neurotransmitter activates the ventrolateral preoptic area of the hypothalamus (VLPO), which contains a population of sleep-active neurons and is hypothesized to be... 

Ekimova I. V., Pastukhov I. (2005). [GABA-ergic mechanisms of the ventrolateral preoptic area of the hypothalamus in regulation of sleep and wakefulness and temperature homeostasis in pigeon Columba livia]. Zh. Evol. Biokhim. Fiziol. 41, 356-63. 

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